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. 2026 Feb 20;16:7463. doi: 10.1038/s41598-026-40642-z

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© The Author(s) 2026

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — Evaluation of ABE-SpRY constructs at target sites of interest in mouse embryos. (a) Schematic of the generation of genetically edited mouse embryos. (b) Maximum editing efficiency observed for the target adenine. The “specified mutation (all alleles)” includes all reads that carry the intended substitution, regardless of bystander edits within the analysed window. (c) A-to-G editing frequencies in twenty ABE8e or ABE9-SpRY edited mouse embryos at each adenine position along the protospacer region for the four target sites. Target adenines are bolded in magenta. (d) Editing efficiency of the target adenine. The “specified mutation without bystanders” reports only clean desired-only (“perfect”) alleles within the analysed window. (e) Product purity was calculated as the percentage of reads carrying the desired substitution that were free of bystander edits within the quantification window: 100 × (desired-only / (desired-only + "desired + bystander")). (f) Frequency of indel occurrence at the four target sites. Data are displayed as standard boxplots following the Tukey convention, including the median (horizontal line), and individual data points are shown for 20 independent biological replicates. Parts of the schematics in (a) were created with BioRender.com.