Table 4.

Comparative study of cost effectiveness and efficacy of antinutrient reduction methods (98–100).

Methods	Major antinutrients reduction	Cost effectiveness	Efficiency
Parboiling	Trypsin, lectins, oxalates.	High	Moderate to high
Dehulling/Decortication	Phytic acid, tannins	Moderate	High
Heating	Trypsin, tannins	Moderate to high	Very high
Soaking	Phytic acid, tannins, water soluble ANFs	Very high	Moderate
Germination	Phytic acid, Polyphenol, enzyme inhibitors.	Moderate	High
Fermentation	Phytic acid, tannins, saponin, enzyme inhibitors, α-galactosides.	Moderate	Very High