Table 2.
Characteristics of children aged between 3 and 8 years receiving care in Kaiser Permanente Southern California (KPSC), the pediatric clinics selected for the pragmatic trial (higher than average proportion of Hispanic and Black patients and those from low-income background), and pediatric clinics that were excluded from the trial (lower than average proportion of Hispanic and Black patients and those from low-income background)a.
| Characteristic | Pediatric clinics | Standardized mean difference | |||||
|
|
All KPSC (N=368,570) | Included (n=150,482) | Excluded (n=218,088) | Included versus excluded | |||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.02 | ||||||
|
|
Male | 180,177 (48.89) | 72,884 (48.43) | 107,293 (49.20) |
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||
|
|
Female | 188,393 (51.11) | 77,598 (51.57) | 110,795 (50.80) |
|
||
| Age (y), mean (SD) | 5.63 (1.85) | 5.81 (1.78) | 5.51 (1.88) | 0.16 | |||
| Race or ethnicity, n (%) | 0.37 | ||||||
|
|
Asian or Pacific Islander | 38,891 (10.55) | 14,868 (9.88) | 24,023 (11.02) |
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||
|
|
Black | 24,463 (6.64) | 12,371 (8.22) | 12,092 (5.54) |
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|
|
Hispanic | 171,400 (46.50) | 82,963 (55.13) | 88,437 (40.55) |
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||
|
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White | 86,715 (23.53) | 27,560 (18.31) | 59,155 (27.12) |
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||
|
|
Other or unknown | 47,101 (12.78) | 12,720 (8.46) | 34,381 (15.77) |
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||
| Public health plan, n (%) | 0.21 | ||||||
|
|
No | 276,256 (75.95) | 104,578 (69.50) | 171,678 (78.72) |
|
||
|
|
Yes | 92,314 (25.05) | 45,904 (30.50) | 46,410 (21.28) |
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||
| Neighborhood educationa | 0.36 | ||||||
|
|
Less than high school | 68,858 (18.68) | 32,090 (21.32) | 36,768 (16.86) |
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||
|
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High school | 85,604 (23.23) | 37,114 (24.66) | 48,490 (22.23) |
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|
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Some college or higher | 214,108 (58.09) | 81,278 (54.02) | 132,830 (60.91) |
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||
| Neighborhood incomea (US $) , n (%) | 0.26 | ||||||
|
|
<35,000 | 69,927 (18.97) | 30,882 (20.52) | 39,045 (17.90) |
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35,000-49,999 | 36,246 (9.83) | 15,810 (10.51) | 20.436 (9.37) |
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50,000-74,999 | 56,315 (15.28) | 24,097 (16.01) | 32,218 (14.77) |
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|
75,000-99,999 | 48,537 (13.17) | 20,210 (13.43) | 28,327 (12.99) |
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≥100,000 | 157,545 (42.75) | 59,483 (39.53) | 98,062 (44.97) |
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||
| Neighborhood deprivation index quintileb , n (%) | 0.36 | ||||||
|
|
Least deprivation | 50,834 (13.79) | 13,417 (8.92) | 37,417 (17.16) |
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||
|
|
Below-average deprivation | 75,571 (20.50) | 25,675 (17.06) | 49,896 (22.88) |
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||
|
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Average deprivation | 98,134 (26.63) | 39,147 (26.01) | 58,987 (27.05) |
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Above-average deprivation | 82,334 (22.34) | 40,170 (26.69) | 42,164 (19.33) |
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Most deprivation | 61,697 (16.74) | 32,073 (21.32) | 29,624 (13.58) |
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||
| BMI-for-age, n (%) | 0.08 | ||||||
|
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Missing | 49,930 (13.55) | 3270 (2.17) | 46,660 (21.40) |
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Underweight | 8224 (2.58)c | 3715 (2.52)d | 4509 (2.63)e |
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Normal weight | 196,973 (61.82)c | 88,445 (60.08)d | 108,528 (63.31)e |
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Overweight | 53,212 (16.70)c | 24,950 (16.95)d | 28,262 (16.49)e |
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Obese | 60,231 (18.90)c | 30,102 (20.45)d | 30,129 (17.57)e |
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aNeighborhood income and education were derived from US census tract data and reflect median household income and the percentage of adults aged 25 years or older without a high school diploma.
bLeast deprivation (–2.15 to –0.68), below-average deprivation (–0.68 to –0.15), average deprivation (–0.15 to 0.42), above-average deprivation (0.42-1.12), and most deprivation (1.12-5.77) calculated relative to the Kaiser Permanente Southern California population.
cN=318,640.
dN=147,212.
eN=171,428.