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. 2026 Feb 11;9:1715883. doi: 10.3389/frai.2026.1715883

Table 6.

Logistic regression results for evacuation compliance by message framing.

Message framing vs. neutral OR 95% CI p-value
Control 0.0091 [0.002, 0.003] p < 0.001 **
Fear-based 1.00 [0.23, 6.86] p > 0.05
Efficacy-based 1.34 [0.33, 8.90] p > 0.05
Subjective norm-based 1.00 [0.23, 6.86] p > 0.05
Combined fear + efficacy 15.45 [4.82, 94.34] p < 0.001 **
Fear + efficacy + norm 19.98 [6.26, 121.72] p < 0.001 **

** Statistically significant at p < 0.01. *Reference category: neutral message. Odds ratios (OR) greater than 1 indicate higher odds of evacuation relative to the neutral framing.