Table 1.
Infant and pregnancy characteristics of primary congenital glaucoma cases and controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000-2011
| Controls (n=10,084) |
All Cases (n=107) |
Isolated Cases (n=92) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
| Sex | |||||||
| Female | 4,893 (48.6) | 47 (43.9) | 0.83 (0.57-1.22) | 0.81 (0.54-1.21) | 44 (47.8) | 0.97 (0.64-1.46) | 0.94 (0.61-1.45) |
| Male | 5,179 (51.4) | 60 (56.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 48 (52.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Gestational age | |||||||
| <37 weeks | 964 (9.6) | 15 (14.0) | 1.54 (0.89-2.67) | 1.42 (0.79-2.56) | 10 (10.9) | 1.15 (0.60-2.23) | 1.11 (0.55-2.23) |
| ≥37 weeks | 9,118 (90.4) | 92 (86.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 82 (89.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Birth weight‡ | |||||||
| <2500 grams | 186 (2.1) | 5 (5.8) | 2.92 (1.17-7.30) | 3.04 (1.20-7.70) | 3 (4.0) | 1.95 (0.39-6.00) § | -- |
| ≥2500 grams | 8,808 (97.9) | 81 (94.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 73 (96.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
| Small for gestational age (≤10%) | |||||||
| Yes | 920 (9.5) | 14 (14.0) | 1.55 (0.88-2.74) | 1.72 (0.95-3.12) | 11 (12.6) | 1.38 (0.73-2.60) | 1.48 (0.76-2.89) |
| No | 8,765 (90.5) | 86 (86.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 76 (87.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Plurality | |||||||
| Singleton | 9,766 (97.1) | 102 (95.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 88 (95.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
| Multiple | 293 (2.9) | 5 (4.7) | 1.63 (0.66-4.04) | 1.93 (0.77-4.81) | 4 (4.4) | 1.52 (0.40-4.06) § | -- |
| Gravidity | |||||||
| Primigravid | 2,961 (29.5) | 35 (33.0) | 1.18 (0.78-1.77) | 1.03 (0.66-1.62) | 32 (35.2) | 1.30 (0.84-2.00) | 1.25 (0.77-2.01) |
| Multigravid | 7,078 (70.5) | 71 (67.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 59 (64.8) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Parity | |||||||
| ≤1 | 7,134 (71.1) | 81 (76.4) | 1.32 (0.84-2.07) | 1.22 (0.74-2.02) | 69 (75.8) | 1.28 (0.79-2.07) | 1.28 (0.75-2.19) |
| >1 | 2,905 (28.9) | 25 (23.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 22 (24.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Season of conception | |||||||
| Spring | 2,442 (24.2) | 24 (22.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 23 (25.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Summer | 2,550 (25.3) | 21 (19.6) | 0.84 (0.47-1.51) | 0.74 (0.40-1.36) | 21 (22.8) | 0.87 (0.48-1.58) | 0.77 (0.41-1.43) |
| Fall | 2,602 (25.8) | 27 (25.2) | 1.06 (0.61-1.84) | 0.93 (0.53-1.66) | 22 (23.9) | 0.90 (0.50-1.62) | 0.76 (0.41-1.41) |
| Winter | 2,490 (24.7) | 35 (32.7) | 1.43 (0.85-2.41) | 1.34 (0.79-2.29) | 26 (28.3) | 1.11 (0.63-1.95) | 1.05 (0.59-1.87) |
| Use of fertility medication or procedure | |||||||
| Yes | 487 (4.9) | 4 (3.8) | 0.77 (0.21-2.04) § | -- | 3 (3.3) | 0.67 (0.14-2.03) § | -- |
| No | 9,540 (95.1) | 102 (96.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- | 88 (96.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
cOR=crude odds ratio; aOR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=confidence interval
†
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and periconceptional folic acid supplement use
‡
Among term births (≥37 weeks) only
§
Exact confidence limits computed