Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of primary congenital glaucoma cases and controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000-2011
| Controls (n=10,084) |
All Cases (n=107) |
Isolated Cases (n=92) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
| Maternal age at delivery | |||||||
| ≤24 years | 3,276 (32.5) | 41 (38.3) | 1.20 (0.80-1.81) | 1.19 (0.76-1.87) | 35 (38.0) | 1.22 (0.79-1.90) | 1.12 (0.68-1.83) |
| 25-34 years | 5,385 (53.4) | 56 (52.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 47 (51.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥35 years | 1,423 (14.1) | 10 (9.4) | 0.68 (0.34-1.33) | 0.64 (0.31-1.29) | 10 (10.9) | 0.81 (0.41-1.60) | 0.76 (0.37-1.55) |
| Paternal age at delivery | |||||||
| ≤24 years | 2,111 (21.6) | 25 (24.8) | 1.23 (0.76-2.00) | 1.33 (0.70-2.53) | 22 (25.3) | 1.26 (0.75-2.12) | 1.40 (0.70-2.79) |
| 25-34 years | 5,211 (53.4) | 50 (49.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 43 (49.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| ≥35 years | 2,444 (25.0) | 26 (25.7) | 1.11 (0.69-1.79) | 1.39 (0.80-2.41) | 22 (25.3) | 1.09 (0.65-1.83) | 1.23 (0.67-2.27) |
| Maternal race/ethnicity | |||||||
| Non-Hispanic white | 5,734 (56.9) | 51 (47.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 46 (50.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Non-Hispanic black | 1,101 (10.9) | 27 (25.2) | 2.76 (1.72-4.42) | 2.42 (1.42-4.13) | 23 (25.0) | 2.60 (1.57-4.31) | 2.22 (1.25-3.95) |
| Hispanic | 2,546 (25.3) | 20 (18.7) | 0.88 (0.53-1.48) | 0.95 (0.53-1.69) | 18 (19.6) | 0.88 (0.51-1.52) | 0.89 (0.48-1.65) |
| Other | 696 (6.9) | 9 (8.4) | 1.45 (0.71-2.97) | 1.60 (0.78-3.27) | 5 (5.4) | 0.90 (0.36-2.26) | 0.97 (0.38-2.46) |
| Maternal nativity | |||||||
| United States | 7,685 (78.6) | 76 (74.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 67 (76.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Other | 2,089 (21.4) | 26 (25.5) | 1.26 (0.80-1.97) | 1.58 (0.88-2.84) | 21 (23.9) | 1.15 (0.71-1.89) | 1.39 (0.72-2.67) |
| Maternal education | |||||||
| <12 years | 1,634 (16.7) | 17 (16.7) | 0.98 (0.57-1.69) | 1.01 (0.52-1.97) | 15 (17.1) | 0.93 (0.52-1.64) | 0.83 (0.41-1.70) |
| 12 years | 2,277 (23.3) | 23 (22.6) | 0.95 (0.59-1.54) | 0.91 (0.54-1.55) | 15 (17.1) | 0.67 (0.38-1.18) | 0.58 (0.31-1.08) |
| >12 years | 5,855 (60.0) | 62 (60.8) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 58 (65.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Household annual income | |||||||
| <$10,000 | 1,773 (19.1) | 19 (19.8) | 1.36 (0.75-2.45) | 1.48 (0.72-3.01) | 15 (18.3) | 1.16 (0.61-2.20) | 1.19 (0.55-2.60) |
| $10,000-$50,000 | 4,107 (44.2) | 50 (52.1) | 1.54 (0.96-2.47) | 1.59 (0.94-2.70) | 42 (51.2) | 1.40 (0.85-2.30) | 1.42 (0.81-2.49) |
| >$50,000 | 3,420 (36.8) | 27 (28.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 25 (30.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
cOR=crude odds ratio; aOR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=95% confidence interval
†
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and periconceptional folic acid supplement use