Table 3.
Maternal health conditions and behaviors among primary congenital glaucoma cases and controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000-2011
| Controls (n=10,084) |
All Cases (n=107) |
Isolated Cases (n=92) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR† (95% CI) | |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | |||||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 500 (5.2) | 2 (2.0) | 0.37 (0.04-1.42) ‡ | -- | 2 (2.4) | 0.45 (0.05-1.73) ‡ | -- |
| Normal weight (18.5-24.9) | 5,044 (52.6) | 54 (54.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 45 (53.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 2,220 (23.1) | 23 (23.2) | 0.97 (0.59-1.58) | 0.92 (0.55-1.51) | 20 (23.8) | 1.01 (0.60-1.71) | 0.99 (0.58-1.70) |
| Obese (>=30.0) | 1,830 (19.1) | 20 (20.2) | 1.02 (0.61-1.71) | 0.99 (0.58-1.67) | 17 (20.2) | 1.04 (0.59-1.82) | 0.99 (0.56-1.76) |
| Diabetes | |||||||
| Gestational diabetes | 717 (7.1) | 7 (6.5) | 0.94 (0.43-2.02) | 1.14 (0.52-2.51) | 5 (5.4) | 0.77 (0.31-1.91) | 0.95 (0.38-2.38) |
| Pre-pregnancy diabetes | 71 (0.7) | 3 (2.8) | 4.05 (0.80-12.67) ‡ | -- | 3 (3.3) | 4.68 (0.92-14.69) ‡ | -- |
| No diabetes | 9,296 (92.2) | 97 (90.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 84 (91.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of hypertension | |||||||
| Yes | 1,391 (13.9) | 18 (17.1) | 1.28 (0.77-2.14) | 1.34 (0.79-2.28) | 16 (17.8) | 1.34 (0.78-2.31) | 1.40 (0.80-2.45) |
| No | 8,622 (86.1) | 87 (82.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 74 (82.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| History of seizure | |||||||
| Yes | 277 (2.8) | 7 (6.7) | 2.51 (1.16-5.45) | 2.73 (1.25-5.97) | 6 (6.7) | 2.51 (1.09-5.79) | 2.76 (1.19-6.41) |
| No | 9,729 (97.2) | 98 (93.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 84 (93.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Thyroid disease | |||||||
| Yes | 242 (2.4) | 4 (3.7) | 1.58 (0.42-4.22) ‡ | -- | 3 (3.3) | 1.37 (0.28-4.19) ‡ | -- |
| No | 9,842 (97.6) | 103 (96.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- | 89 (96.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
| Smoking§ | |||||||
| Yes | 1,735 (17.7) | 10 (9.8) | 0.51 (0.26-0.97) | 0.50 (0.25-0.98) | 8 (9.1) | 0.47 (0.23-0.96) | 0.46 (0.22-0.97) |
| No | 8,071 (82.3) | 92 (90.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 80 (90.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Alcohol§ | |||||||
| Yes | 3,779 (38.6) | 27 (26.5) | 0.57 (0.37-0.89) | 0.58 (0.37-0.92) | 24 (27.3) | 0.60 (0.37-0.95) | 0.61 (0.37-0.99) |
| No | 6,005 (61.4) | 75 (73.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 64 (72.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Periconceptional folic acid supplement¶ | |||||||
| No use | 2,273 (23.1) | 21 (20.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 21 (23.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| <1/day | 4,714 (47.9) | 51 (50.0) | 1.17 (0.70-1.95) | 1.23 (0.72-2.10) | 42 (47.7) | 0.96 (0.57-1.63) | 0.97 (0.56-1.70) |
| Daily use | 2,853 (29.0) | 30 (29.4) | 1.14 (0.65-1.99) | 1.37 (0.73-2.57) | 25 (28.4) | 0.95 (0.53-1.70) | 1.06 (0.55-2.05) |
| Caffeine intake†† (quartiles) | |||||||
| Q1 | 2,448 (25.0) | 30 (29.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 27 (31.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 | 2,444 (25.0) | 24 (23.8) | 0.80 (0.47-1.37) | 0.75 (0.43-1.31) | 21 (24.1) | 0.78 (0.44-1.38) | 0.72 (0.40-1.30) |
| Q3 | 2,446 (25.0) | 25 (24.8) | 0.83 (0.49-1.42) | 0.81 (0.46-1.41) | 20 (23.0) | 0.74 (0.42-1.33) | 0.69 (0.37-1.27) |
| Q4 | 2,445 (25.0) | 22 (21.8) | 0.73 (0.42-1.28) | 0.79 (0.44-1.39) | 19 (21.8) | 0.70 (0.39-1.27) | 0.73 (0.40-1.34) |
| Total folate intake†† (quartiles) | |||||||
| Q1 | 2,476 (25.0) | 30 (29.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 24 (27.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Q2 | 2,477 (25.0) | 21 (20.4) | 0.70 (0.40-1.23) | 0.72 (0.41-1.27) | 20 (22.5) | 0.83 (0.46-1.51) | 0.86 (0.47-1.58) |
| Q3 | 2,477 (25.0) | 22 (21.4) | 0.73 (0.42-1.27) | 0.72 (0.40-1.27) | 19 (21.4) | 0.79 (0.43-1.45) | 0.77 (0.41-1.46) |
| Q4 | 2,477 (25.0) | 30 (29.1) | 1.00 (0.60-1.66) | 1.00 (0.59-1.70) | 26 (29.2) | 1.08 (0.62-1.89) | 1.10 (0.61-1.97) |
| Any x-ray/scan‡‡ | |||||||
| Yes | 1,303 (13.1) | 17 (16.4) | 1.30 (0.77-2.19) | 1.31 (0.76-2.26) | 17 (19.1) | 1.57 (0.92-2.67) | 1.59 (0.92-2.77) |
| No | 8,667 (86.9) | 87 (83.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 72 (80.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Any illicit substance abuse‡‡ | |||||||
| Yes | 536 (5.3) | 5 (4.7) | 0.87 (0.35-2.15) | 0.84 (0.34-2.11) | 5 (5.4) | 1.02 (0.41-2.53) | 1.00 (0.40-2.51) |
| No | 9,548 (94.7) | 102 (95.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 87 (94.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Fever§ | |||||||
| Yes | 2,015 (20.1) | 23 (21.9) | 1.11 (0.70-1.77) | 1.26 (0.78-2.02) | 19 (21.1) | 1.06 (0.64-1.77) | 1.20 (0.72-2.01) |
| No | 8,003 (79.9) | 82 (78.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 71 (78.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Respiratory infection§ | |||||||
| Yes | 4,913 (52.7) | 46 (49.5) | 0.88 (0.59-1.32) | 1.02 (0.66-1.57) | 40 (51.3) | 0.95 (0.61-1.48) | 1.14 (0.71-1.84) |
| No | 4,418 (47.4) | 47 (50.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 38 (48.7) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Genitourinary infection§ | |||||||
| Yes | 1,738 (17.5) | 19 (18.1) | 1.04 (0.63-1.72) | 1.03 (0.61-1.73) | 17 (18.9) | 1.10 (0.65-1.87) | 1.08 (0.62-1.88) |
| No | 8,191 (82.5) | 86 (81.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 73 (81.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Sexually transmitted infection§ | |||||||
| Yes | 219 (2.2) | 6 (5.6) | 2.68 (1.16-6.16) | 2.75 (1.17-6.44) | 6 (6.5) | 3.14 (1.36-7.27) | 3.27 (1.39-7.70) |
| No | 9,865 (97.8) | 101 (94.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 86 (93.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
cOR=crude odds ratio; aOR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=95% confidence interval; BMI=body mass index
†
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and periconceptional folic acid supplement use
‡
Exact confidence limits computed
§
Beginning one month prior to pregnancy through delivery
¶
Beginning one month prior to pregnancy through the end of the first trimester
††
Reported during the year prior to pregnancy
‡‡
Beginning three months prior to pregnancy through delivery