Table 4.
Maternal medication during pregnancy† among primary congenital glaucoma cases and controls, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 2000-2011
| Controls (n=10,084) |
All Cases (n=107) |
Isolated Cases (n=92) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR‡ (95% CI) | n (%) | cOR (95% CI) | aOR‡ (95% CI) | |
| Antipyretic use | |||||||
| Yes | 7,389 (74.2) | 79 (75.2) | 1.06 (0.68-1.65) | 1.02 (0.64-1.63) | 68 (75.6) | 1.08 (0.66-1.74) | 1.04 (0.63-1.74) |
| No | 2,571 (25.8) | 26 (24.8) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 22 (24.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Anti-infective use | |||||||
| Yes | 2,595 (26.2) | 26 (25.2) | 0.95 (0.61-1.49) | 0.89 (0.56-1.42) | 23 (25.8) | 0.98 (0.61-1.59) | 0.92 (0.56-1.51) |
| No | 7,330 (73.9) | 77 (74.8) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 66 (74.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Antitussive use | |||||||
| Yes | 1,333 (13.5) | 11 (10.7) | 0.77 (0.41-1.44) | 0.80 (0.43-1.50) | 11 (12.4) | 0.91 (0.48-1.71) | 0.97 (0.51-1.83) |
| No | 8,574 (86.5) | 92 (89.3) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 78 (87.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Cold medicine use | |||||||
| Yes | 1,315 (13.3) | 17 (16.5) | 1.29 (0.77-2.18) | 1.31 (0.77-2.22) | 16 (18.0) | 1.43 (0.83-2.47) | 1.47 (0.85-2.56) |
| No | 8,591 (86.7) | 86 (83.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 73 (82.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Antihypertensive use | |||||||
| Yes | 164 (1.7) | 6 (5.8) | 3.67 (1.59-8.49) | 3.60 (1.52-8.53) | 5 (5.6) | 3.53 (1.41-8.82) | 3.55 (1.39-9.10) |
| No | 9,730 (98.3) | 97 (94.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 84 (94.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Thyroid/anti-thyroid use | |||||||
| Yes | 230 (2.3) | 4 (3.9) | 1.70 (0.45-4.55) § | -- | 3 (3.4) | 1.47 (0.29-4.49) § | -- |
| No | 9,669 (97.7) | 99 (96.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- | 86 (96.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
| NSAID use | |||||||
| Yes | 3,057 (30.8) | 38 (36.9) | 1.31 (0.88-1.96) | 1.35 (0.89-2.04) | 36 (40.5) | 1.53 (1.00-2.33) | 1.58 (1.02-2.46) |
| No | 6,863 (69.2) | 65 (63.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 53 (59.6) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Acetaminophen use | |||||||
| Yes | 6,686 (67.2) | 72 (68.6) | 1.07 (0.70-1.61) | 1.07 (0.69-1.66) | 61 (67.8) | 1.03 (0.66-1.60) | 1.04 (0.65-1.67) |
| No | 3,266 (32.8) | 33 (31.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 29 (32.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Opioid use | |||||||
| Yes | 454 (4.6) | 5 (4.9) | 1.06 (0.43-2.62) | 1.07 (0.43-2.65) | 5 (5.6) | 1.24 (0.50-3.07) | 1.25 (0.50-3.12) |
| No | 9,446 (95.4) | 98 (95.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 84 (94.4) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| SSRI use | |||||||
| Yes | 419 (4.2) | 8 (7.8) | 1.91 (0.92-3.95) | 1.89 (0.86-4.15) | 7 (7.9) | 1.93 (0.89-4.21) | 1.86 (0.80-4.34) |
| No | 9,479 (95.8) | 95 (92.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 82 (92.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Antihistamine use | |||||||
| Yes | 1,824 (18.4) | 24 (23.1) | 1.33 (0.84-2.11) | 1.31 (0.81-2.11) | 20 (22.5) | 1.29 (0.78-2.12) | 1.35 (0.81-2.24) |
| No | 8,084 (81.6) | 80 (76.9) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 69 (77.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
| Doxylamine use | |||||||
| Yes | 212 (2.1) | 4 (3.9) | 1.85 (0.49-4.95) § | -- | 4 (4.5) | 2.15 (0.57-5.79) § | -- |
| No | 9,685 (97.9) | 99 (96.1) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- | 85 (95.5) | 1.00 (Ref) | -- |
| Promethazine use | |||||||
| Yes | 483 (4.9) | 8 (7.8) | 1.64 (0.79-3.40) | 1.59 (0.76-3.31) | 8 (9.0) | 1.93 (0.93-4.00) | 1.89 (0.90-3.97) |
| No | 9,414 (95.1) | 95 (92.2) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) | 81 (91.0) | 1.00 (Ref) | 1.00 (Ref) |
cOR=crude odds ratio; aOR=adjusted odds ratio; CI=95% confidence interval; NSAID = nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; SSRI = selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
†
Beginning one month prior to pregnancy through delivery
‡
Adjusted for maternal age, maternal race/ethnicity, pre-pregnancy BMI, and periconceptional folic acid supplement use
§
Exact confidence limits computed