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. 2026 Feb 13;37:102903. doi: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2026.102903

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

Preparation and characterization of nanospheres and composite hydrogel materials. (A) (i) SEM image of VNS aggregates and (ii) single ENS and VNS particle. (B) TEM images of VNS and ENS. (C) Gaussian-fitted size distribution of VNS calculated from SEM images. (D) Particle size distribution of different nanospheres measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). (E) FTIR spectra of BSA, CS, and VNS. (F) Zeta potential values of different nanospheres. (G) SEM image of the freeze-dried GS hydrogel. (H) FTIR spectra of GelMA and GS hydrogels. (I) In vitro degradation rate of GelMA, GS, and GS-VNS materials. (J) Results of the 24-h scratch assay with TDSCs in sustained-release systems containing different VEGF concentrations. (K) Swelling ratio of different hydrogels. (L) Quantitative analysis of scratch assay results. (M) Proliferation of TDSCs in sustained-release systems with different VEGF concentrations. (N) Cumulative VEGF release profiles from different carrier systems. (O) Expression levels of tenogenic-related genes in TDSCs cultured for 7 days in sustained-release systems with different VEGF concentrations.