Table 2.
Construct reliability and validity.
| Variable | Items | Loading | Cα | CR | AVE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DL | 6 | 0.749–0.843 | 0.871 | 0.903 | 0.608 |
| DSE | 14 | 0.656–0.750 | 0.925 | 0.935 | 0.506 |
| WE | 9 | 0.731–0.850 | 0.919 | 0.933 | 0.607 |
| Second order | |||||
| TS | 20 | 0.762–0.845 | 0.937 | 0.904 | 0.653 |
| TS: TO | 5 | 0.792–0.871 | |||
| TS: TI | 3 | 0.845–0.873 | |||
| TS: TC | 5 | 0.792–0.839 | |||
| TS: TIS | 3 | 0.847–0.862 | |||
| TS: TU | 4 | 0.810–0.830 | |||
N = 352; DL, digital leadership; DSE, digital self-efficacy; WE, work engagement; TS, technostress; TO, techno-overload; TI, techno-invasion; TC, techno-complexity; TIS, techno-insecurity; TU, techno-uncertainty.