Table 2.
Research on predictive markers related to the treatment of Mcspc.
| Author | Year | Markers | Result | Conclusion |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li X (89) | 2023 | PSAPDR | PSA decline rate: 11.6 ± 1.5% vs 2.9 ± 2.2% per day (RARP+ADT vs ADT) | A higher PSA decline rate is associated with better treatment response. |
| Saad F (90) | 2024 | undetectable PSA (<0.2 ng/ml) | Undetectable PSA (<0.2 ng/mL) rate in low-volume disease: 84% vs 38% (Darolutamide+ADT+DTX vs Placebo+ADT+DTX) | Achieving undetectable PSA with intensified therapy correlates with superior clinical outcomes. |
| Harshman LC (91) | 2018 | PSA ≤ 0.2 ng/mL at 7 months | mOS from 7-month PSA: 60.4 months for <0.2 ng/mL vs 22.2 months for <0.4 ng/mL. PSA <0.2 ng/mL rate: 45.3% vs 28.8% (Darolutamide+ADT vs ADT). | PSA <0.2 ng/mL at 7 months is a surrogate for long-term survival; intensified therapy increases its attainment. |
| Ali A (92) | 2021 | Bone Metastatic Burden | OS/PFS by metastatic burden: HR 0.62/0.57 (low) vs HR 1.08/0.87 (high) | Prostate radiotherapy improves survival in patients with low metastatic burden (M1a/oligometastatic bone). |
| Jiménez N (93) | 2024 | TSGs: RB1, PTEN, and TP53 | CRPC-FS & OS: TSGlow associated with shorter survival (HR 1.8/2.0). TSGWT patients on ADT+darolutamide showed significant benefit (HR 0.4). | TSGlow is a prognostic biomarker for poor outcomes in mCSPC. |
| Hearn JWD (94) | 2020 | HSD3B1 Genotype | 2-yr CRPC-free rate: 51.0% vs 70.5%; 5-yr OS: 57.5% vs 70.8% (HSD3B1 adrenal-permissive vs restrictive genotype) | The HSD3B1 adrenal-permissive genotype is prognostic for faster progression and shorter survival. |
| Hamid AA (95) | 2021 | gene expression profile | Benefit from ADT+darolutamide: HR 0.45 (Luminal B subtype) vs HR 0.85 (Basal subtype). Greater benefit with high Decipher risk (HR 0.41). | Molecular subtyping can predict differential benefit from treatment intensification. |
| Ross AE (96) | 2024 | Decipher genomic classifier、 AR-Ascore、PAM50 cell subtype signature | Higher Decipher/AR-A scores & luminal subtype associated with: >25% PSA rise on enzalutamide; lower rate of negative biopsy at 2 years. | These molecular features may serve as predictive biomarkers for enzalutamide efficacy. |
| Kohli M (97) | 2020 | ctDNA | Higher baseline ctDNA level associated with faster ADT failure (HR 2.29). | ctDNA level is a prognostic marker for time to ADT failure. |
| Du X (98) | 2023 | ctDNA sequencing\HRR gene | Median time to event: ctDNA decline (17.70 months) vs rise (8.43 months); with HRR alteration (8.02 months) vs without (13.20 months). | ctDNA dynamics and HRR alterations are indicative of treatment benefit or disease progression. |
| Andrews JR (99) | 2025 | PSMA+EVs | bPFS/rPFS: 26.1/36.0 months (low PSMA+EVs) vs 15.0/25.0 months (high PSMA+EVs) | A low PSMA+EVs score is a predictive biomarker for benefit from SABR. |
| Tang C (40) | 2023 | TCR regulation | Controlled TCR repertoire rate: 55% vs 15% (MDT+ADT vs ADT). Associated with PFS benefit (HR 0.21). | TCR repertoire modulation predicts benefit from MDT. |
| Lin HM (100) | 2025 | PCPro | PCPro-negative status associated with worse OS (HR 1.81) and clinical PFS (HR 1.65). | PCPro status is a prognostic biomarker, supporting investigation of lipid metabolism-targeting therapies. |
| Zaffaroni M (101) | 2023 | Nutritional and Inflammatory Status | No significant differences in nutritional/inflammatory scores between groups over time. | Common nutritional/inflammatory parameters lack prognostic utility in this setting. |
| Wang JH (102) | 2025 | ArteraAI MMAI | OS: MMAI-high vs MMAI-low (HR = 6.46); TTCRPC: MMAI-high vs MMAI-low (HR = 2.07) | High MMAI score is a strong prognostic marker for poor survival and rapid progression to CRPC. |
PSAPDR, prostate-specific antigen percentage decline rate; RARP, robot-assisted radical prostatectomy; ADT, androgen deprivation therapy; DTX, Docetaxel; mOS, median overall survival; PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen; EVs, extracellular vesicles; bPFS, Biochemical progression-free survival; rPFS, radiographic progression-free survival; SABR, Stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy; HR, hazard ratio; TSG, tumor suppressor genes; CRPC-FS, castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC)-free survival; mCSPC, metastatic castration-sensitive prostate cancer; AR-A, androgen receptor activity; ctDNA, circulating tumor DNA; HRR, homologous recombination repair; MMAI, multimodal artificial intelligence; TTCRPC, time to castration-resistant prostate cancer; clinPFS, clinical progression-free survival; TCR, T-cell receptor; MDT, Metastases-directed therapy.