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. 2026 Feb 25;18(2):14. doi: 10.1007/s12403-025-00743-y

Table 2.

Serum PFAS and blood mercury levels (µg/L) among participants in the ACE project (n = 195)

Analyte ACE Phase n DF (%) MDL GM SD 25th 50th 75th 95th p-valuea NHANES All Adults GM b NHANES All adults p-valuec NHANES Asians
GM d
NHANES Asians p-valuee
PFHxS ACE 1 96 100 0.009 0.77 0.74 0.15 0.79 2.19 4.33 < 0.01 1.22 < 0.01 0.95 < 0.01
ACE 2 99 100 0.010 1.29 1.26 0.34 1.21 3.88 9.47 0.38 < 0.01
PFOA ACE 1 96 100 0.050 1.41 3.56 0.25 1.35 3.18 35.50 0.04 1.60 0.06 1.66 0.02
ACE 2 99 100 0.060 1.69 2.05 0.25 1.61 3.82 19.90 0.34 0.78
PFOS ACE 1 96 100 0.057 6.51 9.44 0.84 6.04 26.90 56.30 0.24 5.02 < 0.01 5.75 0.15
ACE 2 99 100 0.191 7.47 9.39 1.53 7.00 34.22 43.20 < 0.01 < 0.01
PFNA ACE 1 96 99.0 0.250 0.99 1.22 0.18 0.95 3.12 10.30 0.20 0.59 < 0.01 0.77 < 0.01
ACE 2 99 99.0 0.250 1.10 0.71 0.18 1.08 2.64 4.33 < 0.01 < 0.01
PFDA ACE 1 96 80.2 0.250 0.48 0.95 0.18 0.45 2.19 7.80 0.13 0.16 < 0.01 0.31 < 0.01
ACE 2 99 87.9 0.250 0.56 0.50 0.18 0.54 1.85 2.74 < 0.01 < 0.01
PFUnDA ACE 1 96 100 0.050 0.40 0.30 0.06 0.43 1.06 1.70 0.20 0.23 < 0.01
ACE 2 99 98.0 0.050 0.45 0.45 0.04 0.44 1.18 2.91 < 0.01
Hg ACE 1 96 99.0 0.150 3.58 3.33 0.23 4.12 9.95 18.00 0.01 0.81 < 0.01 1.73 < 0.01
ACE 2 99 100 0.075 4.77 3.57 0.21 5.18 12.68 17.80 < 0.01 < 0.01

ACE Asian/Pacific Islander Community Exposures, DF detection frequency, MDL method detection limit, Min minimum, GM geometric mean, SD standard deviation, PFDA perfluorodecanoic acid, PFHxS perfluorohexane sulfonate, PFNA perfluorononanoic acid, PFOA perfluorooctanoic Acid, PFOS perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, PFUnDA perfluoroundecanoic acid, Hg mercury

a p-value from the two-sided Student’s t-test for differences in geometric means by ACE 1 and ACE 2 groups

b NHANES All Adults 2015–2016 geometric mean data. PFUnDA data not reported due to low detection frequency

c p-value from the two-sided Student’s t-test for differences in geometric means between ACE group and NHANES data

d NHANES Non-Hispanic Asian Adults 2015–2016 geometric mean data