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. 2026 Feb 11;18:e83465. doi: 10.2196/83465

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©Maria Malk, Kerli Mooses, Marek Oja, Johannes Holm, Hanna Keidong, Nikita Umov, Sirli Tamm, Sulev Reisberg, Jaak Vilo, Raivo Kolde. Originally published in the Online Journal of Public Health Informatics (https://ojphi.jmir.org/), 11.02.2026.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work, first published in the Online Journal of Public Health Informatics, is properly cited. The complete bibliographic information, a link to the original publication on https://ojphi.jmir.org/, as well as this copyright and license information must be included.

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The mean value of DS and 95% CIs for a period where DS was mostly imputed (years 2012-2015) and mostly calculated based on data provided by doctors (years 2017-2019) by Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical subgroups. Green: ≤7 mean difference; yellow: 7-30 mean; red: > 30 mean difference.A05: bile and liver therapy; A07: antidiarrheals, intestinal anti-inflammatory and anti-infective agents; A09: digestives, including enzymes; A10: drugs used in diabetes; B01: antithrombotic agents; C01: cardiac therapy; C02: antihypertensives; C03: diuretics; C04: peripheral vasodilators; C07: beta blocking agents; C08: calcium channel blockers; C09: agents acting on the renin-angiotensin system; C10: lipid modifying agents; G03: sex hormones and modulators of the genital system; G04: urologicals; H03: thyroid therapy; L02: endocrine therapy; L04: immunosuppressants; M04: antigout preparations; M05: drugs for treatment of bone diseases; N03: antiepileptics; N04: anti-Parkinson drugs; N05: psycholeptics; N06: psychoanaleptics; P0: antiprotozoals, R03: drugs for obstructive airway diseases; S01: ophthalmologicals.