Research on the Assessment of Dairy Cow Dry Matter Intake Using ITSO-Optimized Stacking Ensemble Learning

. 2026 Feb 16;16(4):625. doi: 10.3390/ani16040625

Algorithm 1 The Improved Tuna School Optimization Algorithm

1:
Assign free parameters a and z
2:
Sine-Logistic chaotic map initialization population of tunas $X_{i}^{int}$ ( $i = 1, 2, \dots, N P$ )
3:
while $t < t_{\max}$ do
4:
Calculate the fitness values of tunas
5:
Update $X_{best}^{t}$
6:
for each tuna do
7:
Update $α_{1}$ , $α_{2}$ , p
8:
if $r a n d < z$ then
9:
Update the position $X_{i}^{t + 1}$ using Equation (14)
10:
else
11:
if $r a n d < 0.5$ then
12:
if $(t / t_{\max}) < r a n d$ then
13:
Update the position $X_{i}^{t + 1}$ using Equation (15)
14:
else
15:
Update the position $X_{i}^{t + 1}$ using Equation (3)
16:
end if
17:
else
18:
Update the position $X_{i}^{t + 1}$ using Equation (21)
19:
end if
20:
end if
21:
end for
22:
$t = t + 1$
23:
end while

Output:
the location of food (the best individual $X_{best}$ ) and its fitness value