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. 2026 Feb 2;15(2):156. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics15020156
BM Bovine mastitis
CM Clinical mastitis
SCM Subclinical mastitis
DH Dairy herd
E. coli Escherichia coli
K. pneumoniae Klebsiella pneumoniae
KpSC K. pneumoniae species complex
K. oxytoca Klebsiella oxytoca
KoSC K. oxytoca species complex
K. grimontii Klebsiella grimontii
STs Sequence types
KL K Locus
AMR Antimicrobial resistance
WHO World Health Organization
MDR Multidrug resistance
ARG Antimicrobial resistance genes
VF Virulence factor
RM Raw milk
WGS Whole-genome sequencing
AST Antimicrobial susceptibility testing
AK Amikacin
Aug-E Amoxicillin–clavulanate acid
AM Ampicillin
AZT Aztreonam
Cpe Cefepime
Cft Cefotaxime
Cft/CA Cefotaxime–clavulanate acid
Cfx Cefoxitin
Caz Ceftazidime
Caz/CA Ceftazidime–clavulanate acid
Crm Cefuroxime
Cp Ciprofloxacin
Cl Colistin
Etp Ertapenem
Fos Fosfomycin
Gm Gentamicin
Imp Imipenem
Lvx Levofloxacin
Mer Meropenem
NA Nalidixic acid
Fd Nitrofurantoin
Nxn Norfloxacin
P/T Piperacillin–tazobactam
To Tobramycin
T/S Trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole
ANI Average nucleotide identity
CDS Coding sequence
COGs Clusters of orthologous groups
CARD Comprehensive Antibiotic Resistance Database
NCBI National Center for Biotechnology Information
ARG-ANNOT Antibiotic Resistance Gene-ANNOtation
VFDB Virulence Factor Database
Y. pestis Yersinia pestis
ESBL Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase
MIC Minimum Inhibitory Concentration