Parenting Factors	Definition
Parental alcohol use
	The frequency and/or intensity of parents’ alcohol-drinking behaviors. These behaviors can be observed and learned by their child or occur without the child being present. Parental alcohol use/consumption/drinking includes, but is not limited to, different variables of problematic drinking, such as intoxication, binge drinking, heavy episodic drinking, dependency, and other alcohol-related problems. No lower alcohol use threshold is applied.
Alcohol-specific parenting practices
Alcohol-specific communication	Parent–child discussions about alcohol that can cover numerous topics, such as the adverse effects/dangers of drinking, alcohol in the media, and personal experiences of alcohol.
Parental attitudes toward alcohol use	The child’s perception of their parents’ attitudes toward alcohol and to whether parents approve or disapprove of their own adolescent drinking behavior.
Provision of alcohol	If parents make alcohol available or allow their child to drink alcohol at home.
Rules about alcohol	The rules established by the parents prohibiting alcohol use, preventing unsupervised drinking, and/or limiting their child’s drinking.
General parenting practices
Family conflict/abuse	The amount of hostility, conflict, criticism, and relational tension within the family. All forms of abuse, violence, and neglect are included.
General communication	The frequency, quality, and/or satisfaction of the communication between the child/adolescent and their parents. Conversations can concern either general information or highly emotional topics.
Parental discipline	Actions by parents to regulate and direct their child’s behavior. It can include setting rules, establishing consequences, and applying those consequences when rules are broken. Discipline can differ in the consistency, amount, and strictness of the established rules.
Parental involvement	The frequency with which parents and children are involved in shared activities such as hobbies, tasks, watching television, playing games, and having dinner together.
Parental monitoring	Parents’ knowledge of their child’s activities, whereabouts, and friends.
Parental support	Extent to which the child feels their parents provide emotional and instrumental support such as love, encouragement, acceptance, praise, help, and guidance.
Parent–child relationship quality	The level of warmth, mutual attachment, bonding, affection, and other positive interactions perceived by the child and parents.
Factors and definitions based on the review by Ryan et al. (2010) and revised by Yap et al. (2017)