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. 2026 Feb 14;15(2):253. doi: 10.3390/antiox15020253
ABTS 2,2′-Azino-Bis(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonate)
AMPK-α AMP-activated protein kinase α
ANOVA Analysis of variance
AO Acridine orange
BCA Bicinchoninic acid
BKRE Berberis kaschgarica Rupr. fruit extract
BKR Berberis kaschgarica Rupr.
bp Base pairs
β-AR β-adrenergic receptor
CHF Chronic heart failure
cDNA Complementary DNA
DCFH-DA 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate
DEGs Differentially expressed genes
DPPH 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
DL Drug-likeness
ESI Electrospray ionization
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
FC Fold change
GEO Gene Expression Omnibus
GSH Glutathione
GO Gene Ontology
HK2 Hexokinase 2
hpf Hours post-fertilization
HF Heart failure
IDA Information-dependent acquisition
IL-6 Interleukin-6
ISO Isoproterenol
KEGG Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
MTC Maximum tolerated concentration
MS Mass spectrometry
MS-222 Tricaine methanesulfonate
NF-κB Nuclear Factor-Kappa B
NO Nitric Oxide
ns Not significant
OB Oral bioavailability
PDB Protein Data Bank
PFKL Phosphofructokinase, liver type
PPI Protein–protein interaction
PPARα Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α
PPARGC-1α Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-α
qRT-PCR Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
RIN RNA integrity number
RNA Ribonucleic acid
ROS Reactive oxygen species
RNS Reactive nitrogen species
SD Standard deviation
SEM Standard error of mean
SNS Sympathetic nervous system
SMILES Simplified Molecular-Input Line-Entry System
SV-BA Sinus Venosus–Bulbus Arteriosus
TCMSP Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database
TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor-α
Tof MS Time-of-flight mass spectrometry
T-SOD Total superoxide dismutase
UHPLC Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography
UPLC-MS/MS Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
VC Vitamin C