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. 2026 Jan 25;14(2):269. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines14020269
1H-MRS proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy
ACC anterior cingulate cortex
AF arcuate fasciculus
BOLD blood oxygen level-dependent
DCM dynamic causal modeling
DTI diffusion tensor imaging
DW-MRI diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging
E/I Excitation–inhibition
EAATs excitatory amino acid transporters
EEG electroencephalography
fMRI functional magnetic resonance imaging
fMRS functional magnetic resonance spectroscopy
GABA γ-aminobutyric acid
GABA+ γ-aminobutyric acid plus co-edited macromolecule signal
GAD glutamic acid decarboxylase
GAT γ-aminobutyric acid transporter
Glx glutamate + glutamine
GS glutamine synthetase
GSH glutathione
IFG inferior frontal gyrus
IFOF inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
MRS magnetic resonance spectroscopy
MRSI magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging
MTG middle temporal gyrus
NMDA N-methyl-D-aspartate
PAG phosphate-activated glutaminase
PET positron emission tomography
SAT1 spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase 1
SN1 system N transporter 1
tDCS transcranial direct-current stimulation
TCA tricarboxylic acid (cycle)
TMS transcranial magnetic stimulation
TOT tip-of-the-tongue
UF uncinate fasciculus