Skip to main content
. 2026 Feb 13;16(2):223. doi: 10.3390/brainsci16020223
5-HT 5-hydroxytryptamine
7-COOH-CBD 7-carboxycannabidiol
7-OH-CBD 7-hydroxycannabidiol
beta-amyloid
AcOEt ethyl acetate
ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone
AE aqueous extract
Akt protein kinase B
AUC area under the plasma concentration curve
BBB blood–brain barrier
BDI Beck Depression Inventory
BDNF brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BuOH butanol
CBD cannabidiol
CGI Clinical Global Impression
CMS chronic mild stress
CNS central nervous system
COX-2 cyclooxygenase-2
CPZ chlorpromazine
CREB cAMP response element-binding protein
CRH corticotropin-releasing hormone
CYP cytochrome P450
Cmax maximum concentration reached
FAAH fatty acid amide hydrolase
FST forced swim test
GABA gamma-aminobutyric acid
GLU glutamate
GPx glutathione peroxidase
GR glucocorticoid receptor
GSK-3β glycogen synthase kinase-3beta
HAM-D Hamilton Depression Rating Scale
HE ethanol extract
HILI herb-induced liver injury
HO-1 heme oxygenase-1
HPA hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
Hp-C conventional Hypericum perforatum
Hp-MF multi-fractionated Hypericum perforatum
ICAM-1 intercellular adhesion molecule-1
IL-1β interleukin-1 beta
IL-6 interleukin-6
iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
LPS lipopolysaccharide
LTP long-term potentiation
MAGL monoacylglycerol lipase
MAO monoamine oxidase
MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase
MDA malondialdehyde
MDD Major Depressive Disorder
mRNA messenger ribonucleic acid
NADPH nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB nuclear factor-kappa B
NLRP3 NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
NMDA N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
NA Not available
OBX olfactory bulbectomy
P-gp P-glycoprotein
PSD-95 postsynaptic density protein 95
ROS reactive oxygen species
SJW St. John’s wort
SOD superoxide dismutase
SSRIs selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
SYP synaptophysin
THC Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
Tmax time to maximum concentration
TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha
TrkB tropomyosin receptor kinase B
TST tail suspension test
elimination half-life
UHPLC-MS/MS ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry
UGTs uridine 5′-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases
USA United States of America
VCAM-1 vascular cell adhesion molecule-1