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. 2026 Feb 18;15(4):362. doi: 10.3390/cells15040362
HK2 Hexokinase 2
PFK Phosphofructokinase
PKM2 Pyruvate kinase M2
LDHA Lactate dehydrogenase A
OXPHOS Oxidative phosphorylation
TME Tumor microenvironment
GLUTs Glucose transporters
HK Hexokinase
PK Pyruvate kinase
LDH Lactate dehydrogenase
PTMs Post-translational modifications
HIF-1α Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α
GLUT1 Glucose transporter type 1
PFKFB3 Enzyme 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase 3
PDK Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase
F-2,6-BP Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate
PFK1 Phosphofructokinase 1
PGAM1 Phosphoglycerate mutase 1
PHD Prolyl hydroxylase
G6P Glucose-6-phosphate
HCC Hepatocellular carcinoma
VDAC Voltage-dependent anion channel
mPTP Mitochondrial permeability transition pore
RCC Renal cell carcinoma
ATC Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma
PEP Phosphoenolpyruvate
PPP Pentose phosphate pathway
MDSCs Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
PDH Pyruvate dehydrogenase
DCA Dichloroacetate
CAFs Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts
TAMs Tumor-Associated Macrophages
GPR81 G Protein-Coupled Receptor 81
CTLs Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes
NK Natural Killer
Tregs Regulatory T cells
AMPK AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
MCTs Monocarboxylate transporters
2-DG 2-Deoxyglucose
ROS Reactive oxygen species
3-BP 3-Bromopyruvate
DCs Dendritic cells
MDR Multi-drug resistance
ABC ATP-binding cassette
RT Radiotherapy
PDAC Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
GBM Glioblastoma
TMZ Temozolomide
HR Homologous recombination repair
ICIs Immune checkpoint inhibitors
PTT Photothermal therapy
PDT Photodynamic therapy
PDA Polydopamine
NSCLC Non-small-cell lung cancer
ADCC Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
ENO2 Enolase 2
GAPDH Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase
NEPC Neuroendocrine prostate cancer