| AI | Artificial Intelligence |
| CI | Confidence Interval |
| CV | Coefficient of Variation |
| ITB | Institute for Test and Talent Research (Institut für Test- und Begabungsforschung) |
| κ | Cohen’s Kappa |
| LLM | Large Language Model |
| M2 | Second State Examination (German medical licensing examination) |
| MLLM | Multimodal Large Language Model |
| OCR | Optical Character Recognition |
| SD | Standard Deviation |
| TMS | Test for Medical Studies (Test für Medizinische Studiengänge; “Medizinertest”) |
| USMLE | United States Medical Licensing Examination |
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