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. 2026 Feb 13;15(4):700. doi: 10.3390/foods15040700
AFB1 Aflatoxin B1
HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography
HPLC-MS Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
LFIA Lateral flow immunoassay
AuNPs Gold nanoparticles
IMNPs Immunomagnetic nanoparticles
MNPs Magnetic nanoparticles
E-C-LFIA Enrichment–catalytic dual-function signal amplification lateral flow immunochromatographic assay
AFB2 Aflatoxin B2
AFG1 Aflatoxin G1
AFG2 Aflatoxin G2
AFM1 Aflatoxin M1
AFM2 Aflatoxin M2
OTA Ochratoxin A
ZEN Zearalenone
DON Deoxynivalenol
OVA Ovalbumin
BSA Bovine serum albumin
DCC N,N′-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
CMO Carboxymethoxylamine (hemihydrochloride)
NHS N-Hydroxysuccinimide
TMB 3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbenzidine
ELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
DMF N,N-Dimethylformamide
DMAP 4-(Dimethylamino)pyridine
TEM Transmission electron microscopy
mAb Monoclonal antibody
PBS Phosphate-buffered saline
EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide
MES 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid
PEG Poly(ethylene glycol)
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
SPE Solid-phase extraction
Km Michaelis constant
Vmax Maximum reaction rate
HRP Horseradish peroxidase
LOD Limit of detection