| T2DM | Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
| TPP | Thiamine pyrophosphate |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate |
| MALA | Metformin-associated lactic acidosis |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| tGSH | Total Glutathione |
| SOD | Superoxide Dismutase |
| CAT | Catalase |
| TNF-α | Tumor necrosis factor-alpha |
| IL-1β | Interleukin-1 beta |
| BUN | Blood urea nitrogen |
| LDH | Lactate dehydrogenase |
| ROS | Reactive Oxygen Species |
| ELISA | Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay |
| HEL | Hexanoyl-lysine |
| AMPK | Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase |
Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.