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. 2026 Feb 19;27(4):1990. doi: 10.3390/ijms27041990
5-ALA 5-aminolevulinic acid
AFM Atomic force microscopy
AHA American Heart Association
AI Artificial intelligence
BCARS Broadband Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
BCC Basal cell carcinoma
CARS Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
CMV Cytomegalovirus
CNS Central nervous system
fKK-EC Factorized Kramers–Kronig and error correction
FM-CARS Frequency-modulation Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
FoV Field of view
FWM Four-wave mixing
GFP Green fluorescent protein
H&E Hematoxylin and eosin
KK Kramers–Kronig
LDA Linear discriminant analysis
LDs Lipid droplets
MCR-ALS Multivariate curve resolution–alternating least squares
MMF Multimode fibers
MPF Multi-photon fluorescence
NA Numerical aperture
NLO Multiple nonlinear optical
NMSC Non-melanoma skin cancer
NRB Non-resonant background
OCT Optical coherence tomography
OPAs Optical parametric amplifiers
OPOs Optical parametric oscillators
PCA Principal component analysis
PLS Partial least squares
PpIX Protoporphyrin IX
SCC Squamous cell carcinoma
SFG Sum-frequency generation
SHG Second-harmonic generation
SLM Spatial light modulator
SMF Single-mode fibers
SRS Spontaneous Raman spectroscopy
TE-CARS Tip-enhanced Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering
THG Third-harmonic generation
TPEF Two-photon excitation fluorescence