AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
AOI	Adaptive Oscillation Index
BCAA	Branched-chain amino acids
CaMKKβ	Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β
DNMT	DNA methyltransferase
EGCG	Epigallocatechin gallate
EPO	Erythropoietin
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
FOXO	Forkhead box O transcription factors
GH	Growth hormone
GSH/GSSG	Reduced/oxidized glutathione
HAT	Histone acetyltransferase
HDAC	Histone deacetylase
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha
HRV	Heart rate variability
IGF-1	Insulin-like growth factor 1
LC3	Microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3
LLM	Large language model
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
mTORC1	Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
mTORC2	Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2
NAD+	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form)
NAMPT	Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kappa B
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
PARP	Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase
PBMC	Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
PGC-1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SAM	S-adenosylmethionine
SAH	S-adenosylhomocysteine
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
S6K1	Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1
TBARS	Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances
TET	Ten–eleven translocation dioxygenase
TFAM	Mitochondrial transcription factor A
ULK1	Unc-51-like autophagy activating kinase 1
UPR	Unfolded protein response