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. 2026 Jan 24;17(2):121. doi: 10.3390/genes17020121
miRNAs MicroRNAs
GCs Granulosa Cells
CGCs Cumulus Granulosa Cells
mGCs Mural Granulosa Cells
POF Premature Ovarian Failure
PCOS Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
POI Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
FSH Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
LH Luteinizing Hormone
GnRH Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone
E2 Estradiol
P4 Progesterone
IGF-1 Insulin-like Growth Factor 1
IGF-1R Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 Receptor
TP53 Tumor Protein P53
BCL2 B-cell Lymphoma 2
BAX BCL2-Associated X Protein
KCNA5 Potassium Voltage-Gated Channel Subfamily A Member 5
Mfn1/2 Mitofusin 1/2
CYP19A1 Cytochrome P450 Family 19 Subfamily A Member 1 (Aromatase)
CYP11A1 Cytochrome P450 Family 11 Subfamily A Member 1
SF-1 Steroidogenic Factor-1 (NR5A1)
FOXO1 Forkhead Box O1
SIRTs Sirtuins
Nrf2 Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2
PI3K/AKT/mTOR Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase / Protein Kinase B / Mammalian Target of Rapamycin
TGF-β/SMAD Transforming Growth Factor Beta / Mothers Against Decapentaplegic Homolog
JAK/STAT Janus Kinase / Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
MAPK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
ERK Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase
Abbreviation Full Term
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
mt-OXPHOS Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
cAMP Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate
ECM Extracellular Matrix
HPO axis Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis
KGN cells Human Granulosa-like Tumor Cell Line
BMSC Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cell
ART Assisted Reproductive Technology
scRNA-seq Single-Cell RNA Sequencing