MEDLINE	Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online
CVD	Cardiovascular disease
T2DM	Type 2 diabetes mellitus
CKD	Chronic kidney disease
PAMPs	Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
TLRs	Toll-like receptors
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-6	Interleukin 6
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor alpha
SCFAs	Short-chain fatty acids
SANRA	Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles
MeSH	Medical Subject Headings
COVID-19	Coronavirus Disease 2019
GI	Gastrointestinal
PRISMA	Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
NF-κB	Nuclear Factor kappa B
NLRP3	NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3
ROS/RNS	Reactive Oxygen Species/Reactive Nitrogen Species
NO	Nitric oxide
OR	Odds ratio
CI	Confidence Interval
MAPK	Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharides
BBB	Blood–brain barrier
CRP	C-reactive protein
IL-10	Interleukin 10
CRC	Colorectal cancer
DNA	Deoxyribonucleic acid
NAFLD	Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
HbA1c	Haemoglobin A1c/Glycated haemoglobin A1c
PPAD	Porphyromonas gingivalis peptidylarginine deiminase
NETosis	Neutrophil extracellular trap formation
RA	Rheumatoid arthritis
SjD	Sjögren’s disease
STAT3	Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3
EMT	Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
CNS	Central nervous system
PD	Parkinson’s disease
HPA	Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
BDNF	Brain-derived neurotrophic factor
NOD	Nucleotide-binding Oligomerization Domain
NLRs	NOD-like receptors
HSP	Heat shock protein
ICAM-1	Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
VCAM-1	Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1
ADMA	Asymmetric dimethylarginine
NOS	Nitric oxide synthase
IE	Infective endocarditis
NGS	Next-generation sequencing
COPD	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
ACE2	Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
IBD	Inflammatory bowel disease
Th17	T helper 17 cells
MASLD	Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
GDM	Gestational diabetes mellitus
APOs	Adverse pregnancy outcomes
IRS-1	Insulin receptor substrate-1
AGE	Advanced glycation end-product
RAGE	Receptor for advanced glycation end-products
TGF-β	Transforming Growth Factor beta
MDA	Malondialdehyde
EFP	European Federation of Periodontology
AAP	American Academy of Periodontology
Treg	Regulatory T cells
FadA	Fusobacterium adhesin A
MMP	Matrix Metalloproteinases
ACPAs	Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies
RANKL	Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factor κB Ligand
OSCC	Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
c-Myc	Cellular Myelocytomatosis oncogene
JAK	Janus Kinase
ERK	Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase
RNA	Ribonucleic acid
Fap2	Fusobacterium adhesin protein 2
TIGIT	T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains
ITIM	Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-based Inhibitory Motif
PD-L1	Programmed death ligand 1
HIF-1α	Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α
NK	Natural killer cell
AI	Artificial intelligence
GRADE	Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation
SSR	Summary Risk Ratio
DAS28	Disease Activity Score using 28 joint counts
MR	Mendelian randomisation