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. 2026 Jan 30;14(2):330. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms14020330
AI Artificial Intelligence
AIM2 Absent in Melanoma 2
ATP Adenosine Triphosphate
BCN Bacterial Cellulose Nanocomposite
BMM Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages
BV Bacterial Vaginosis
CAR-T Chimeric Antigen Receptor T cells
CCR7 C-C Chemokine Receptor Type 7
CD Cluster of Differentiation
CF Cystic Fibrosis
CX3CR1 C-X3-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1
CXCL C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand
ECM Extracellular Matrix
EGF Epidermal Growth Factor
FGF Fibroblast Growth Factor
GM-CSF Granulocyte–Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
HAEPS Hyaluronic Acid-Encapsulated Probiotic System
HIF-1α Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Alpha
IBS Irritable Bowel Syndrome
IFN-β Interferon Beta
IFN-γ Interferon Gamma
IGF-1 Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1
IL Interleukin
IL-1RA Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist
iNOS Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase
LPS Lipopolysaccharide
MHC Major Histocompatibility Complex
MDM Monocyte-Derived Macrophages
MMP Matrix Metalloproteinase
MVs Membrane Vesicles
NETs Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
NF-κB Nuclear Factor Kappa-Light-Chain-Enhancer of Activated B Cells
NGF Nerve Growth Factor
NO Nitric Oxide
OMVs Outer Membrane Vesicles
ONF Oro-Nasal Fistula
OSCC Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
PAMPs Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
PD-L1 Programmed Death-Ligand 1
PD-L2 Programmed Death-Ligand 2
PDGF Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
PEG Polyethylene Glycol
PG Peptidoglycan
PRRs Pattern Recognition Receptors
ROS Reactive Oxygen Species
SCFAs Short-Chain Fatty Acids
SNPs Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms
STAT1 Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 1
TAMs Tumor-Associated Macrophages
TGF-α Transforming Growth Factor Alpha
TGF-β Transforming Growth Factor Beta
Th17 T Helper 17 Cells
TIMPs Tissue Inhibitors of Metalloproteinases
TLR Toll-Like Receptor
TNF-α Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha
VEGF Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor