| CNN | Convolutional Neural Network |
| BCA | Bee Colony Algorithm |
| ISA | Improved Self-Attention |
| PSO | Particle Swarm Optimization |
| GA | Genetic Algorithm |
| DE | Differential Evolution |
| ACO | Ant Colony Optimization |
| CWRU | Case Western Reserve University |
| SNR | Signal-to-Noise Ratio |
| t-SNE | t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding |
| TCN | Temporal Convolutional Network |
| LSTM | Long Short-Term Memory |
| VGG | Visual Geometry Group |
| ResNet | Residual Network |