| ATP | Adenosine triphosphate |
| MDA | Malondialdehyde |
| MMP | Mitochondrial membrane potential |
| NPs | Nanoparticles |
| PFK | Phosphofructokinase |
| PK | Pyruvate kinase |
| ROS | Reactive oxygen species |
| SEM | Scanning electron microscopy |
| TEM | Transmission electron microscopy |
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