%w/w	Weight-weight percentage
CAL	Calibration set
CS	Corn starch
CV	Cross-validation
FTIR	Fourier Transform infrared
GenAI	Generative artificial intelligence
MIR	Mid-infrared
MP	Milk powder
MSC	Multiplicative scatter correction
N	Total samples
NIPALS	Non-iterative partial least squares
NIR	Near-infrared
PCA	Principal component analysis
PLSR	Partial-least squares regression
RAW	Unprocessed spectral data
RER	Range error ratio
RMSEP	Root mean square error of prediction
RPD	Ratio of prediction
RS	Raman spectroscopy
RSEP	Relative standard error of prediction
SERS	Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
SG1	Savitzky–Golay first derivative
SG2	Savitzky–Golay second derivative
SNV	Standard normal variate
TEST	External testing set
WF	Wheat flour
X	Predictor variables (Raman spectra)
Y	Response variable (adulterant concentration)