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. 2026 Feb 18;26(4):1321. doi: 10.3390/s26041321
HMM Hidden Markov model
EM Expectation–maximization
WLS Weighted least squares
RUL Remaining useful life
TPM Transition probability matrix
CM Condition monitoring
HI Health indicator
MAD Median absolute deviation
BIC Bayesian information criterion
CV Cross-validation
RMSE Root mean squared error
MAE Mean absolute error
EPE Expected prediction error
NASA C–MAPSS NASA Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation dataset