View full-text article in PMC Sensors (Basel). 2026 Feb 23;26(4):1393. doi: 10.3390/s26041393 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2026 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license. PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 2 Query Input: i,t,xi,t,opt,θt,εt−1,k,rect−1,ski,skivrf,pki,pkivrf,PP Output: Transmission package Transt, Updated state εt,rect 1: Δεt←εopt,θt 2:if εt−1<Δεt then 3: return ⊥ 4: end if 5: ηt←R{0,1}* 6: yt←Mechanism(xi,t,opt,θt,ηt) 7: εt←εt−1−Δεt 8: ρt←R{0,1}λ 9:Ci,t←Com(xi,t;ρt) ▹ Dynamic Commitment 10: rt,πtvrf←VRF.Eval(skivrf,i,t) 11: idxt←H(i‖t‖rt) 12: metat←(opt,θt,Δεt,εt) 13: rect←H(rect−1‖idxt‖metat) 14:msgt←i‖t‖Ci,t‖yt‖idxt‖rect ▹ Sign context including t 15: σt←Sign(ski,msgt) 16: inpt←(i,t,pki,pkivrf,Ci,t,opt,θt,yt,Δεt,εt,k,idxt,rect) 17: witt←(xi,t,ρt,ηt,εt−1) 18: πt←ZK.Prove(PP,R,inpt,witt) 19: Transt←(σt,πtvrf,rt,πt,inpt) 20:return Transt,εt,rect