TABLE 3.
Association between baseline dietary patterns and incidence diabetes at follow-up
| Subgroup | Dietary pattern | Model 1 |
Model 2 |
Model 3 |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | IRR1 | 95% CI1 | P value | IRR1 | 95% CI1 | P value | IRR1 | 95% CI1 | P value | ||
| Rural Ghana | |||||||||||
| Mixed dietary pattern | 513 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 1.01 | 0.24, 4.27 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.25, 4.04 | >1.00 | 1.07 | 0.26, 4.42 | 0.92 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.00 | 0.24, 4.23 | 1.00 | 1.08 | 0.23, 5.18 | 0.92 | 1.23 | 0.26, 5.85 | 0.80 | ||
| Animal products | 513 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 2.02 | 0.52, 9.71 | 0.33 | 1.95 | 0.47, 8.05 | 0.36 | 2.42 | 0.57, 10.2 | 0.23 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.02 | 0.18, 5.85 | 0.98 | 1.03 | 0.18, 5.75 | 0.98 | 1.05 | 0.18, 5.99 | 0.96 | ||
| Roots, tubers, and plantain | 513 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 0.60 | 0.12, 2.44 | 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.15, 2.84 | 0.57 | 0.75 | 0.17, 3.38 | 0.71 | ||
| Upper tercile | 0.79 | 0.20, 3.01 | 0.73 | 1.11 | 0.18, 6.78 | 0.91 | 1.51 | 0.22, 10.2 | 0.67 | ||
| Urban Ghana | |||||||||||
| Mixed dietary pattern | 531 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 1.07 | 0.44, 2.62 | 0.88 | 0.94 | 0.39, 2.30 | 0.89 | 0.94 | 0.38, 2.30 | 0.89 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.24 | 0.54, 2.95 | 0.61 | 1.00 | 0.41, 2.47 | >1.00 | 1.04 | 0.42, 2.58 | 0.93 | ||
| Animal products | 531 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 2.40 | 1.01, 6.31 | 0.06 | 2.31 | 0.92, 5.81 | 0.07 | 2.14 | 0.84, 5.49 | 0.11 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.87 | 0.70, 5.24 | 0.22 | 1.57 | 0.54, 4.56 | 0.41 | 1.57 | 0.53, 4.69 | 0.42 | ||
| Roots, tubers, and plantain | 531 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 1.36 | 0.58, 3.34 | 0.49 | 1.16 | 0.47, 2.85 | 0.75 | 1.11 | 0.44, 2.78 | 0.82 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.24 | 0.51, 3.08 | 0.63 | 0.88 | 0.32, 2.45 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 0.31, 2.44 | 0.80 | ||
| Amsterdam | |||||||||||
| Mixed dietary pattern | 309 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 0.60 | 0.16, 1.98 | 0.41 | 0.59 | 0.17, 2.06 | 0.40 | 0.57 | 0.14, 2.27 | 0.42 | ||
| Upper tercile | 0.55 | 0.14, 1.82 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.11, 1.77 | 0.25 | 0.66 | 0.15, 2.82 | 0.57 | ||
| Animal products | 309 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 2.51 | 0.70, 11.7 | 0.18 | 2.73 | 0.68, 10.9 | 0.16 | 2.30 | 0.56, 9.45 | 0.25 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.98 | 0.48, 9.83 | 0.36 | 1.81 | 0.39, 8.46 | 0.45 | 1.26 | 0.26, 6.19 | 0.77 | ||
| Roots, tubers, and plantain | 309 | ||||||||||
| Lower tercile | Reference | — | — | — | — | — | |||||
| Middle tercile | 1.89 | 0.50, 9.00 | 0.37 | 1.81 | 0.44, 7.48 | 0.41 | 1.80 | 0.40, 8.06 | 0.44 | ||
| Upper tercile | 1.86 | 0.49, 8.89 | 0.38 | 1.77 | 0.40, 7.77 | 0.45 | 1.71 | 0.38, 7.57 | 0.48 | ||
Model 1: age, sex, model 2: model 1 plus education (never or elementary; low; intermediate; high vocational), total energy intake (kcal/d), smoking (never; former; current), physical activity (METs-h per week). Model 3: model 2 plus BMI (kg/m2), waist-hip-ratio, total cholesterol (mmol/L), SBP (mmHg).
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; IRR, incidence rate ratio; MET, metabolic equivalent; SBP, systolic blood pressure.
1
IRR, CI - means reference.