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. 2026 Feb 6;21(1):1–6. doi: 10.26599/JOTO.2026.9540045

Table 2. Mean and standard deviation of each item in the questionnaire for young adults, older adults, and adults with LiD.

Question items Young adults
(n=20)
Older adults
(n=20)
Adults with LiD
(n=20)
p-value
1 9.20 (±1.00) 8.40 (±2.03) 4.70 (±2.15) p <0.001**
2 6.95 (±2.28) 7.05 (±1.98) 12.15 (±1.87) p < 0.001**
3 8.60 (±1.53) 7.10 (±2.22) 3.00 (±1.58) p < 0.001**
4 9.05 (±1.19) 6.80 (±2.26) 3.05 (±1.43) p < 0.001**
5 8.40 (±1.18) 6.25 (±2.07) 4.15 (±2.25) p < 0.001**
6 8.00 (±2.02) 7.40 (±2.08) 5.15 (±3.15) p < 0.05*
7 7.65 (±1.98) 7.40 (±1.50) 5.85 (±2.71) n.s.
8 8.75 (±1.16) 7.90 (±1.74) 6.95 (±2.62) n.s.
9 8.60 (±1.42) 6.30 (±2.63) 4.70 (±2.07) p < 0.001**
10 7.05 (±2.45) 7.45 (±1.84) 6.65 (±3.03) n.s.
11 8.70 (±1.45) 8.45 (±1.50) 6.95 (±2.64) n.s.
12 7.95 (±1.50) 7.30 (±1.92) 3.00 (±2.42) p < 0.001**