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. 2026 Jan 3;17(1):163–177. doi: 10.1007/s41999-025-01391-w

Table 1.

Sociodemographic characteristics and pre-fracture status of the study sample

Domain Variable All Acute Post-acute Extended recovery Long-term recovery
Sociodemographic domain Participants, n 564 117 126 214 107
Age, years, mean (SD) 77.5 (9.6) 78.4 (9.2) 80.0 (9.3) 75.8 (9.6) 77.2 (9.6)
Sex, females, n (%) 374 (66.3) 81 (69.2) 82 (65.1) 138 (64.5) 73 (68.2)
Education, n (%)
College degree or higher 264 (46.8) 29 (24.8) 75 (59.5) 102 (47.7) 58 (54.2)
High school 151 (26.8) 41 (35.0) 28 (22.2) 60 (28.0) 22 (20.6)
Less than high school (≤ 10 yrs) 146 (25.9) 46 (39.3) 23 (18.3) 51 (23.8) 26 (24.3)
Not defined 3 (0.5) 1 (0.9) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.5) 1 (0.9)
Living situation, n (%)
Alone 270 (47.9) 60 (51.3) 66 (52.4) 87 (40.7) 57 (53.3)
Spouse/partner 256 (45.4) 51 (44.4) 54 (42.9) 109 (50.9) 41 (38.3)
Family and child 31 (5.5) 3 (2.6) 5 (4.0) 16 (7.5) 7 (6.5)
Others 7 (1.3) 2 (1.7) 1(0.8) 2 (1.0) 2 (1.9)
Residence, n (%)
Apartment 296 (52.5) 58 (49.6) 69 (54.8) 121 (56.5) 48 (44.9)
House 248 (44.0) 57 (48.7) 52 (41.3) 85 (39.7) 54 (50.5)
Independent living unit 16 (2.8) 2 (1.7) 4 (3.2) 7 (3.3) 3 (2.8)
Others (including temporary care) 4 (0.8) 0 (0.0) 1 (0.8) 1 (0.5) 2 (1.9)
Recruitment site, n (%)
Montpellier (France) 61 (10.8) 9 (7.7) 2 (1.6) 24 (11.2) 26 (24.3)
Trondheim/Oslo (Norway) 261 (46.3) 103 (88.0) 32 (25.4) 87 (40.7) 39 (36.4)
Stuttgart/Heidelberg (Germany) 242 (42.9) 5 (4.3) 92 (73.0) 103 (48.1) 42 (39.3)
Pre-fracture status Pre-fracture NEADL total score [0–66], median (P25-P75) 60.0 (51.0–64.0) 60.0 (51.0–63.0) 58.5 (51.8–63.0) 59.5 (48.8–66.0) 62.0 (54.0–66.0)
ASA scorea, n (%)
I: healthy 48 (8.5) 6 (5.1) 7 (5.6) 21 (9.8) 14 (13.1)
II: mild systematic disease 209 (37.1) 52 (44.4) 36 (28.6) 79 (36.9) 42 (39.3)
III: severe systematic disease 259 (45.9) 48 (41.0) 72 (57.1) 96 (44.9) 43 (40.2)
IV: incapacitating disease 36 (6.4) 10 (8.5) 10 (7.9) 12 (5.6) 4 (3.7)

SD: standard deviation; NEADL: Nottingham Extended Activity of Daily Living; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; P25: 25th percentile; P75: 75th percentile. a n = 552 with complete data on ASA score