Table 2.
Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics and mean scale scores of older adults in rural areas (n = 384)
| GFBS | BADL | TUHS | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD |
| 65–74 years A | 63.19 ± 17.95 | 77.32 ± 21.04 | 66.82 ± 21.81 |
| 75–84 years B | 71.67 ± 18.22 | 55.58 ± 27.96 | 59.91 ± 20.13 |
| ≥ 85 years C | 82.84 ± 18.01 | 26.60 ± 29.18 | 52.24 ± 24.44 |
|
F/p * |
18.909/0.000 C > A,B; B > A |
71.877/0.000 A > B,C; B > C |
7.865/0.000 A > B,C |
| Gender | |||
| Female | 67.67 ± 18.01 | 69.90 ± 26.34 | 65.01 ± 23.06 |
| Male | 66.13 ± 19.77 | 65.19 ± 29.38 | 62.55 ± 20.48 |
| t/p | 0.794/0.428 | 1.655/0.099 | 1.100/0.272 |
| Education level | |||
| No formal education D | 70.48 ± 19.35 | 62.61 ± 28.43 | 57.59 ± 20.59 |
| Literate E | 69.08 ± 20.57 | 64.50 ± 31.53 | 63.49 ± 20.92 |
| Primary education F | 65.22 ± 17.86 | 71.84 ± 25.36 | 63.28 ± 22.08 |
| Secondary education G | 63.30 ± 15.89 | 74.39 ± 23.74 | 74.93 ± 19.36 |
| High School H | 62.68 ± 19.11 | 65.00 ± 31.02 | 76.04 ± 20.18 |
| University education I | 53.40 ± 12.58 | 75.00 ± 20.91 | 87.80 ± 21.89 |
|
F/p * |
2.239/0.049 | 2.058/0.070 |
6.704/0.000 G, H,I > D |
| Marital status | |||
| Single | 69.64 ± 18.73 | 65.33 ± 24.91 | 64.84 ± 20.65 |
| Married | 66.59 ± 18.87 | 67.99 ± 28.27 | 63.72 ± 22.08 |
| t/p | 1.021/0.308 | -0.601/0.548 | 0.321/0.749 |
| Income | |||
| LowJ | 72.88 ± 19.94 | 65.00 ± 27.31 | 60.48 ± 27.75 |
| Middle K | 67.45 ± 17.93 | 67.96 ± 27.51 | 65.12 ± 20.84 |
| HighL | 58.07 ± 19.80 | 68.94 ± 30.69 | 60.61 ± 20.21 |
|
F/p * |
8.883/0.000 J, K > L |
0.316/0.729 | 1.682/0.187 |
| Presence of other chronic diseases | |||
| Yes | 68.30 ± 18.33 | 65.80 ± 28.89 | 64.55 ± 22.34 |
| No | 62.65 ± 19.92 | 73.64 ± 23.54 | 61.65 ± 20.38 |
| t/p | 2.523/0.012 | -2.365/0.019 | 1.109/0.268 |
| Use of digital devices | |||
| Yes | 65.07 ± 18.47 | 73.64 ± 23.65 | 65.86 ± 21.40 |
| No | 73.82 ± 18.77 | 45.73 ± 31.24 | 56.47 ± 22.21 |
| t/p | -3.790/0.000 | 8.805/0.000 | 3.493/0.001 |
| Duration of digital device use | |||
| Not usingM | 74.66 ± 16.24 | 48.12 ± 27.45 | 55.00 ± 17.82 |
| 0–30 minN | 69.28 ± 18.91 | 60.22 ± 30.78 | 56.77 ± 21.07 |
| 30–60 minO | 62.91 ± 18.37 | 75.04 ± 21.53 | 68.65 ± 19.90 |
| 60–90 minP | 64.72 ± 17.07 | 78.22 ± 20.86 | 68.98 ± 19.88 |
| 90–120 minR | 68.55 ± 22.88 | 73.10 ± 27.52 | 79.79 ± 24.78 |
| 120 min and aboveS | 54.00 ± 11.31 | 97.50 ± 3.53 | 85.00 ± 12.72 |
|
F/p * |
2.763/0.018 |
9.497/0.000 O, P,R > M, O, P > N |
10.411/0.000 O, R > M, O, P,R > N |
F one way ANOVA test, SD Standard Deviation, t independent t-test, *, Tukey test