. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2026 Mar 1.

Published in final edited form as: Anesthesiology. 2025 Sep 25;144(2):431–440. doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000005771

Table 2.

Change in prevalence of medications for opioid use disorder by surgical patients, 2016–2022

Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD)	Adjusted prevalence of MOUD use per 100,000 procedures (95% CI)		Adjusted year over year change
Medications to treat opioid use disorder (MOUD)	2016	2022	Adjusted year over year change
Any MOUD	55.2 (51.0 to 59.4)	99.8 (92.8 to 106.9)	16.9 (14.0 to 19.8)
Buprenorphine	51.1 (47.2 to 55.0)	78.5 (72.6 to 84.4)	10.7 (8.51 to 12.9)
Methadone	0.10 (0.04 to 0.3)	1.1 (0.7 to 1.6)	4.6 (2.25 to 6.95)
Extended-release naltrexone	2.5 (1.9 to 3.1)	5.2 (4.2 to 6.3)	1.7 (1.04 to 2.41)

Note: Absolute difference presented as average marginal effects per 100,000 surgical procedures. MOUD were measured based on medication fills or service claims between 1 and 180 days before the date of the surgical procedure. MOUD included buprenorphine (medical or pharmacy claims), extended-release injectable naltrexone (medical or pharmacy claims), and methadone (medical claims only). Data for 2016 includes procedures from April 1, 2016, to December 31, 2016; other years include procedures from January 1 to December 31. Prevalence was calculated in models adjusting for age, sex, employment status, rurality, region, plan cost share, chronic conditions, and a modified Elixhauser score.