Table 4.

Betel leaf/betel quid chewing among Orang Asli and their associated factors by multiple logistic regression (MLR)

Variable	Chewer n (%)	Non-chewer n (%)	b	SLR Crude OR (95% CI)	p-value	b	MLR Adjusted OR (95% CI)	p-value
Age (continuous)	Mean = 49.6	Mean = 38.3	0.113	1.119 (1.070, 1.171)	< 0.001 ***	0.119	1.126 (1.071, 1.183)	< 0.001 ***
Gender
Male	55 (87.3%)	8 (12.7%)	Ref.	Ref.	–	Ref.	Ref.	–
Female	55 (67.1%)	27 (32.9%)	0.217	1.243 (0.646, 2.390)	0.509	0.217	1.243 (0.484, 3.194)	0.647
Education Level								0.940
No formal education	13 (100.0%)	0 (0.0%)	Ref.	Ref.	–	Ref.	Ref.	–
Primary school	60 (75.9%)	19 (24.1%)	–1.034	0.356 (0.042, 3.009)	0.338	0.421	1.523 (0.128, 18.171)	0.740
Lower secondary	12 (80.0%)	3 (20.0%)	–1.792	0.167 (0.017, 1.620)	0.128	0.185	1.203 (0.081, 17.819)	0.898
Upper secondary	23 (69.7%)	10 (30.3%)	–1.792	0.167 (0.021, 1.299)	0.105	0.493	1.637 (0.127, 21.063)	0.710
Tertiary education	2 (40.0%)	3 (60.0%)	–2.890	0.056 (0.004, 0.863)	0.037 *	–0.381	0.683 (0.027, 17.271)	0.820
Household Income								0.479
< RM1199	45 (76.3%)	14 (23.7%)	Ref.	Ref.	–	Ref.	Ref.	–
– RM1200–RM2341	50 (76.9%)	15 (23.1%)	0.217	1.242 (0.547, 2.819)	0.610	0.030	1.031 (0.384, 2.771)	0.952
>RM2342	15 (71.4%)	6 (28.6%)	–0.160	0.852 (0.280, 2.591)	0.778	–0.867	0.420 (0.086, 2.056)	0.269

Forward LR Multiple Logistic Regression Model was applied. Multicollinearity and interaction terms were checked and not found. Hosmer-Lemeshow test (p = 0.685), classification table (overall correctly classified percentage = 82.8%), and area under the curve (AUC = 0.849) were applied to check the model fitness

P-value is significant at p < 0.05*