Table 1. Common chemoconvulsants used in animal models.

Chemoconvulsant	Functional target or function	Species	References
PTZ: Pentylenetetrazol; GABAA-R: γ-aminobutyric acid type a receptor; GAD: Glutamic acid decarboxylase; mACh-R: Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor; KA-R: Kainate receptor; AMPA-R: α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid receptor; GLUT-R: Glucose transporter receptor; NHPs: Non-human primates.
PTZ	GABAA-R	Rodents	Monteiro et al., 2024
		NHPs	Pontes et al., 2016
		Zebrafish	Baraban et al., 2005
		Xenopus laevis	Bell et al., 2011; Hewapathirane et al., 2008
		C. elegans	Câmara et al., 2019; Williams et al., 2004
Bicuculline	GABAA-R	Rodents	Freund et al., 1987
		NHPs	Jürgen Wenzel et al., 2000
		Zebrafish	Cassar et al., 2017
		Xenopus laevis	Hewapathirane et al., 2008
Picrotoxin	GABAA-R	Rodents	Ito et al., 1989
		Zebrafish	Bandara et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2017
		Xenopus laevis	Hewapathirane et al., 2008
Flurothyl	GABAA-R	Rodents	Marley et al., 1986
Penicillin	GABAA-R	Rodents	Akdogan et al., 2008
		NHPs	Mayanagi & Walker, 1975
		Cat	Avoli, 1995
Allylglycine	GAD enzyme	Rodents	Ashton & Wauquier, 1979
		Zebrafish	Leclercq et al., 2015
Ginkgotoxin	GABA synthesis	Zebrafish	Lee et al., 2012
Pilocarpine	mACh-R	Rodents	Lévesque et al., 2021
		NHPs	Perez-Mendes et al., 2011
		Zebrafish	Lopes et al., 2016
		Xenopus laevis	Hewapathirane et al., 2008
Kainic acid	KA-R	Rodents	Lévesque & Avoli, 2013
		NHPs	Chen et al., 2013
		Zebrafish	Alfaro et al., 2011
		Xenopus laevis	Hewapathirane et al., 2008
Domoic acid	AMPA-R, KA-R	Rodents	Ananth et al., 2001
		NHPs	Tryphonas et al., 1990
		Zebrafish	Lefebvre et al., 2009; Tiedeken et al., 2005
4-Aminopyridine	GLUT, K-channel	Rodents	Yamaguchi & Rogawski, 1992
		Zebrafish	Winter et al., 2017
		Xenopus laevis	Hewapathirane et al., 2008