Table 2.

Measurement results of public risk perception bias (2017–2023).

Public risk perception bias	Observations	Mean	Standard deviation	Max	Min	Optimism bias (n, %)	Pessimism bias (n, %)
Overall Level	217	−0.132	0.142	0.283	−0.559	29 (13%)	188 (87%)
Physical Space	217	−0.231	0.224	0.466	−0.814	35 (16%)	182 (84%)
Social Space	217	0.015	0.197	0.467	−0.619	109 (50%)	108 (50%)
Cyber Space	217	−0.215	0.203	0.549	−0.828	26 (12%)	191 (88%)