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. 2026 Feb 26;15(1):2602320. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2025.2602320

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© 2026 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group, on behalf of Shanghai Shangyixun Cultural Communication Co., Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 3. — Baseline information of the study population. (A) Prevalence of asymptomatic malaria in selected regions based on diagnostic assays, including rapid diagnostic test (RDT), Light microscopy (LM), and qPCR. The black bars indicate the proportion of positive (+) individuals (%), and the yellow bars indicate the proportion of negative (–) individuals (%). (B) Distribution of P. falciparum–positive isolates detected by LM, RDT and qPCR, and selected for genotyping and sequencing (qPCR positive) of the pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes. (C) Distribution of WHO-validated pfk13 mutations associated with partial artemisinin resistance (A675 V, R561H, and Y493H) among asymptomatic populations in the studied villages. (D) Distribution of pfmdr1 SNPs linked to multidrug resistance markers known to modulate the susceptibility of P. falciparum parasites to multiple drugs, including lumefantrine.