Figure 4.

Co-prevalence of pfk13 and pfmdr1 SNPs and haplotypes. Distribution of mutant variants associated with antimalarial drug susceptibility in the pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes across (A) age groups and (B) gender groups of participants. The SNPs of pfk13 and pfmdr1 were unevenly distributed among age groups, with a higher prevalence observed in children under five years of age and in females. The proportions of wild-type (3D7 strain) variants are also indicated. (C) Co-prevalence and distribution of SNPs and haplotypes in the pfk13 and pfmdr1 genes across the studied regions. The co-prevalence of the pfk13 wild-type haplotype and the pfmdr1-NFD haplotype was significantly higher and more widespread in all villages in both transmission settings.