Table 3.
Antimalarial uses, sources and association to mutant markers within selected villages.
| Transmission Profile | District | Region | Village (n*) | Antimalarials (n, %) | Sources of drugs (n, %) | Mutant SNPs (n, %) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AL | SP | CQ | AMQ | QN | TM | OTH | HF | TH | PH | TM | LO | OTH | Pf + ve | pfk13 | pfmdr1 | ||||
| High transmission | Geita | Chato | Ihanga (n = 15) |
11 (73.3) | 1 (6.7) | – | – | – | – | 3 (20.0) | 3 (20.0) | – | 6 (40.0) | 3 (20.0) | 3 (20.0) | – | 4 (26.7) | 1 (25.0) | 2 (50.0) |
| Rwantaba (n = 15) |
10 (66.7) | 5 (33.3) | – | – | – | – | – | 4 (26.7) | – | 9 (60.0) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (13.3) | – | 8 (53.3) | 1 (12.5) | 4 (50.0) | |||
| Nyang’hwale | Kayenze (n = 22) |
16 (72.7) | 3 (13.6) | – | – | – | 3 (13.6) | – | 3 (13.6) | – | 12 (54.5) | 2 (9.1) | 5 (22.7) | – | 19 (86.4) | 2 (10.5) | 15 (78.9) | ||
| Nyangalamila (n = 18) |
9 (50.0) | 5 (27.8) | – | – | – | 3 (16.7) | 1 (5.6) | 6 (33.3) | – | 8 (44.4) | – | 4 (22.2) | – | 4 (22.2) | – | 3 (75.0) | |||
| Kigoma | Kasulu | Mugombe (n = 19) |
11 (57.9) | 5 (26.3) | – | – | – | 3 (15.8) | – | 4 (21.1) | – | 10 (52.6) | 1 (5.3) | 4 (21.1) | – | 8 (42.1) | 1 (12.5) | 6 (75.0) | |
| Nyamnyusi (n = 18) |
10 (55.6) | 6 (33.3) | – | – | – | 2 (11.1) | – | 6 (33.3) | – | 6 (33.3) | 2 (11.1) | 4 (22.2) | – | 4 (22.2) | – | 2 (50.0) | |||
| Kibondo | Bunyambo (n = 22) |
18 (81.8) | 4 (18.2) | – | – | – | – | – | 7 (31.8) | – | 7 (31.8) | – | 5 (22.7) | 3 (13.6) | 4 (18.2) | 1 (25.5) | 2 (50.0) | ||
| Kumuhasha (n = 24) |
14 (58.3) | 5 (20.8) | – | – | – | 1 (4.2) | 4 (16.7) | 8 (33.3) | 1 (4.2) | 5 (20.8) | 3 (12.5) | 3 (12.5) | 4 (16.7) | 12 (50.0) | – | 9 (75.0) | |||
|
Sub-total (n = 153) |
99 (64.7) | 34 (22.2) | – | – | – | 12 (7.8) | 8 (5.2) | 41 (26.8) | 1 (0.7) | 63 (41.2) | 11 (7.2) | 30 (19.6) | 7 (4.6) | 63 (41.2) | 6 (9.5) | 43 (68.3) | |||
| Low transmission | Arusha | Arusha DC | Bwawani (n = 12) |
3 (25.0) | 9 (75.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 7 (58.3) | – | 2 (16.7) | – | 3 (25.0) | – | 2 (16.7) | – | 1 (50.0) |
| Themi ya simba (n = 5) |
1 (20.0) | 4 (80.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 3 (60.0) | – | 2 (40.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | |||
| Meru | Maji ya chai (n = 8) |
2 (25.0) | 6 (75.0) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | 6 (75.0) | – | 1 (12.5) | 1 (12.5) | – | – | – | ||
| Ngurudoto (n = 4) |
1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 2 (50.0) | – | 2 (50.0) | – | – | – | 1 (25.0) | – | – | |||
|
Sub-total (n = 29) |
7 (24.1) | 22 (75.0) | – | – | – | – | – | 12 (41.4) | – | 12 (41.4) | – | 4 (13.8) | 1 (3.4) | 3 (10.3) | – | 1 (33.3) | |||
|
TOTAL (n = 182) |
106 (58.2) | 56 (30.8) | – | – | – | 12 (6.6) | 8 (4.4) | 53 (29.1) | 1 (0.5) | 75 (41.2) | 11 (6.0) | 34 (18.7) | 8 (4.4) | 66 (36.3) | 6 (9.1) | 44 (66.7) | |||
*n, of drug use.
Antimalarials (AL = Artemether-lumefantrine, SP = Sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, CQ = Chloroquine, AMQ = Amodiaquine, QN = Quinine, TM = Traditional Medicines, OTH = Others).
Sources of drugs (HF = Health Facility, TH = Traditional Healers, PH = Pharmacies, TM = Traditional Medicines, LO = Leftovers, OTH = Others).