Table 2.
Association between accelerometer-derived rest–activity timing phenotypes and brain structure and volume a (N = 17,571). Bold type indicates statistical significance. Multiple linear models adjusted for age at accelerometry test, gender, ethnicity, education level, quintiles of TDI, smoking status, alcohol drinking frequency, diet score, BMI, sleep score, moderate-vigorous physical activity time, scanner table position, and scanner brain position.
| Brain MRI indices | Early-morning-active (n = 7,149) | Daytime-active (n = 3,346) | Evening-active (n = 5,600) | Night-active (n = 1,476) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| β (SE) | P value b | β (SE) | P value b | β (SE) | P value b | ||
| Brain atrophy | |||||||
| GM c | −0.045 (0.016) | 0.076 | Reference | 0.004 (−0.009) | 0.777 | −0.058 (0.022) | 0.022 |
| WM c | −0.027 (0.020) | 0.454 | Reference | 0.191 (−0.003) | 0.872 | −0.074 (0.028) | 0.022 |
| GM + WM c | −0.044 (0.017) | 0.114 | Reference | 0.012 (−0.007) | 0.798 | −0.077 (0.024) | 0.006 |
| Frontoparietal GM | |||||||
| Frontal pole c | 0.006 (0.018) | 0.843 | Reference | 0.754 (0.029) | 0.224 | −0.055 (0.024) | 0.049 |
| Superior frontal gyrus c | 0.007 (0.019) | 0.841 | Reference | 0.708 (0.037) | 0.399 | 0.000 (0.025) | 0.992 |
| Middle temporal gyrus (temporooccipital) c | 0.031 (0.017) | 0.352 | Reference | 0.074 (0.011) | 0.829 | −0.05 (0.024) | 0.068 |
| Angular gyrus c | 0.024 (0.017) | 0.470 | Reference | 0.173 (0.013) | 0.796 | −0.031 (0.024) | 0.238 |
| Cingulate gyrus c | −0.019 (0.019) | 0.602 | Reference | 0.317 (0.033) | 0.176 | −0.031 (0.025) | 0.255 |
| Precuneus cortex c | 0.008 (0.019) | 0.863 | Reference | 0.681 (0.017) | 0.801 | −0.094 (0.026) | <0.001 |
| WMH a | 0.028 (0.020) | 0.507 | Reference | 0.16 (0.013) | 0.876 | 0.002 (0.027) | 0.986 |
| White matter tract integrity | |||||||
| gFA | −0.014 (0.021) | 0.732 | Reference | 0.501 (−0.011) | 0.757 | −0.039 (0.03) | 0.254 |
| gMD | 0.015 (0.021) | 0.741 | Reference | 0.468 (0.008) | 0.785 | 0.04 (0.028) | 0.258 |
| Subcortical volumes | |||||||
| Thalamus c | −0.025 (0.018) | 0.581 | Reference | 0.153 (0.032) | 0.222 | −0.091 (0.024) | <0.001 |
| Caudate c | −0.012 (0.02) | 0.732 | Reference | 0.539 (0.016) | 0.822 | −0.054 (0.027) | 0.081 |
| Putamen c | 0.002 (0.017) | 0.920 | Reference | 0.92 (0.034) | 0.228 | −0.063 (0.024) | 0.021 |
| Pallidum c | −0.043 (0.019) | 0.152 | Reference | 0.024 (0.01) | 0.798 | −0.079 (0.026) | 0.010 |
| Hippocampus c | −0.022 (0.018) | 0.479 | Reference | 0.227 (0.006) | 0.753 | −0.073 (0.025) | 0.011 |
| Amygdala c | 0.002 (0.017) | 0.952 | Reference | 0.902 (0.024) | 0.348 | −0.018 (0.023) | 0.492 |
| Accumbens c | −0.016 (0.017) | 0.620 | Reference | 0.359 (0.006) | 0.792 | −0.033 (0.024) | 0.240 |
gFA/gMD, standardized first principal component scores of white matter fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity; WMH, white matter hyperintensity; GM/WM/GM + WM, volumes of gray matter, white matter, and their sum; SE, standard error; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; β, beta coefficient
a Log-transformed (offset = 1).
b P values were adjusted for the false discovery rate.
c Brain volume indicators were converted to Z scores.