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. 2026 Feb 9;14(3):e02151-25. doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02151-25

Fig 3.

Visualization of stomach tumor microbiome showing three microbial subtypes with varying diversity. Displays bacterial distribution and correlations with immune features through clustering, PCoA, bar plots, chord diagram, and bubble plot.

Characterization of tumor-associated microbiota uncovers distinct groups linked to immune features in STAD. (a) Consensus clustering identified three microbial subtypes: MC-1, MC-2, and MC-3. (b–d) Boxplots show intergroup differences in microbial richness, Shannon, and Simpson diversity index. (e) PCoA was performed to visualize the distribution and separation among the MC subtypes. ns indicates no significant difference, * indicates P < 0.05, ** indicates P < 0.01, *** indicates P < 0.001 and **** indicates p < 0.0001. (f) A clustered bar plot displays the distribution of key genera—including Streptococcus, Mycobacterium, Pseudomonas, Desulfococcus, Enterobacter, and others—across MC subtypes. (g) A chord diagram visualizes the relationships between INC and MC subtypes, highlighting the distribution and overlap of samples across the two classification systems. (h) A bubble plot shows correlations between 17 microbial genera and 24 immune cell types, with bubble size and color indicating correlation strength and direction.