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Comparison of cognitive frameworks in linguistic relativity.
| Framework | Role of language and non-linguistic strategies | Cross-cultural applicability |
|---|---|---|
| Sapir–Whorf | Language shapes cognition | Moderate (language-specific) |
| Universalism | Universal cognition, no non-linguistic focus | High (ignores cultural nuance) |
| Cognitive Ling. | Metaphors shape cognition | Moderate (metaphor-focused) |
| Middle Way | Balances language and silence (kōans) | High (bridges East–West) |
