Table 2.

Summary of pathogen detection in ARI.

Pathogen	Total infection rate, N (%)	Single infection, N (%)	Co-infection, N (%)
HPIV-1	75 (0.34)	3 (0.26)	72 (0.35)
229E	55 (0.25)	1 (0.09)	54 (0.26)
HPIV-3	557 (2.54)	21 (1.85)	536 (2.58)
GBS	34 (0.16)	0 (0.00)	34 (0.16)
EBV	1,544 (7.05)	96 (8.47)	1,448 (6.97)
CMV	920 (4.20)	43 (3.79)	877 (4.22)
S. pneumoniae	5,372 (24.52)	475 (41.89)	4,897 (23.57)
HHV-6	989 (4.51)	4 (0.35)	985 (4.74)
H. influenzae	2,041 (9.32)	65 (5.73)	1,976 (9.51)
HHV-7	2,268 (10.35)	106 (9.35)	2,162 (10.41)
HKU1	19 (0.09)	2 (0.18)	17 (0.08)
C. albicans	488 (2.23)	23 (2.03)	465 (2.24)
B. pertussis	35 (0.16)	4 (0.35)	31 (0.15)
A. baumannii	487 (2.22)	35 (3.09)	452 (2.18)
HRV	906 (4.14)	37 (3.26)	869 (4.18)
EV	65 (0.30)	1 (0.09)	64 (0.31)
K. pneumoniae	250 (1.14)	13 (1.15)	237 (1.14)
M. catarrhalis	1,234 (5.63)	21 (1.85)	1,213 (5.84)
S. aureus	981 (4.48)	27 (2.38)	954 (4.59)
RSV	1,003 (4.58)	47 (4.14)	956 (4.60)
C. pneumoniae	45 (0.21)	4 (0.35)	41 (0.20)
FluB	56 (0.26)	2 (0.18)	54 (0.26)
OC43	120 (0.55)	4 (0.35)	116 (0.56)
NL63	14 (0.06)	3 (0.26)	11 (0.05)
HAdV	249 (1.14)	2 (0.18)	247 (1.19)
HMPV	222 (1.01)	11 (0.97)	211 (1.02)
P. aeruginosa	68 (0.31)	4 (0.35)	64 (0.31)
HBoV	37 (0.17)	0 (0.00)	37 (0.18)
L. pneumophila	18 (0.08)	4 (0.35)	14 (0.07)
GAS	3 (0.01)	0 (0.00)	3 (0.01)
E. coli	3 (0.01)	0 (0.00)	3 (0.01)
Aspergillus	223 (1.02)	3 (0.26)	220 (1.06)
FluA	432 (1.97)	29 (2.56)	403 (1.94)
M. pneumonia	735 (3.36)	25 (2.20)	710 (3.42)
HSV-1	359 (1.64)	19 (1.68)	340 (1.64)
χ2	/	320.9
p	/	< 0.01***

The table displays the distribution patterns of single pathogen detection and co-detection of multiple pathogens. The different colors in the figure represent different regions, showing the differences in detection rates of major pathogens among male and female populations across regions.

p < 0.05 is marked with *, p < 0.01 with **, and p < 0.001 with ***, indicating statistical significance (bolded).