Table 2.
Comparison of sociodemographic characteristics between the intervention group (IG) and control group (CG) at baseline among older adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Henan, China (N=136).
| Variable | IG (n=68) | CG (n=68) | Chi-square (df)a,b | t test (df)c | Zd | P value | ||||||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 67.5 (63.3-71) | 66.0 (69.8-63) | —e | — | –0.901d | .37 | ||||||||
| Sex, n (%) | 0.029 (1)a | — | — | .86 | ||||||||||
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Male | 35 (51.5) | 34 (50.0) |
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Female | 33 (48.5) | 34 (50.0) |
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| Residence, n (%) | 0.486 (1)a | — | — | .49 | ||||||||||
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Countryside | 30 (44.1) | 26 (38.2) |
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City | 38 (55.9) | 42 (61.8) |
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| Marital status, n (%) | 2.039 (2)a | — | — | .36 | ||||||||||
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Married | 50 (73.5) | 52 (76.5) |
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Divorced | 3 (4.4) | 6 (8.8) |
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Widowed | 15 (22.1) | 10 (14.7) |
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| Living arrangement, n (%) | 0.319 (1)a | — | — | .57 | ||||||||||
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Living alone | 6 (8.8) | 8 (11.8) |
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Living with family | 62 (91.2) | 60 (88.2) |
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| Education level, n (%) | 7.344 (5)a | — | — | .20 | ||||||||||
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Illiterate | 4 (5.9) | 6 (8.8) |
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Primary school | 9 (13.2) | 14 (20.6) |
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Junior high school | 22 (32.4) | 10 (14.7) |
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High school | 21 (30.9) | 22 (32.4) |
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Bachelor degree | 12 (17.6) | 15 (22.1) |
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Postgraduate and above | 0 (0) | 1 (1.5) |
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| Have children, n (%) | — | — | — | — | ||||||||||
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Yes | 68 (100) | 68 (100) |
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No | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
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| Smoke, n (%) | 4.946 (3) a | — | — | .18 | ||||||||||
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Yes, smoker | 11 (16.2) | 19 (27.9) |
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No, never smoke | 38 (55.9) | 39 (57.4) |
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Used smoke, quite now | 13 (19.1) | 7 (10.3) |
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Occasional smoker | 6 (8.8) | 3 (4.4) |
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| Smoke year, median (IQR) | 0 (0-30) | 0 (0-34.3) | — | — | –0.024d | .98 | ||||||||
| Drink, n (%) | 2.079 (3)a | — | — | .56 | ||||||||||
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Yes, drinker | 8 (11.8) | 14 (20.6) |
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No, never drink | 35 (51.5) | 33 (48.5) |
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Used drink, quite now | 9 (13.2) | 7 (10.3) |
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Occasional drinker | 16 (23.5) | 14 (20.6) |
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| Drink year, median (IQR) | 0 (0-39.3) | 15 (0-40) | — | — | –0.398d | .69 | ||||||||
| Personal income, n (%) | 0.256 (1)a | — | — | .61 | ||||||||||
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Have income | 58 (85.3) | 60 (88.2) |
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No income | 10 (14.7) | 8 (11.8) |
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| Personal income (RMB)f,g, median (IQR) | 4000 (2800-5375) | 4000 (2850-5375) | — | — | –0.264d | .79 | ||||||||
| Household income, n (%) | 0.000 (1)b | — | — | >.99 | ||||||||||
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Have income | 66 (97.1) | 66 (97.1) |
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No income | 2 (2.9) | 2 (2.9) |
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| Household income (RMB)f,g, median (IQR) | 8000 (7000-10,750) | 8000 (6000-10,000) | — | — | –0.389d | .70 | ||||||||
| Occupational status, n (%) | 1.578 (3)a | — | — | .66 | ||||||||||
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Employed | 9 (13.2) | 10 (14.7) |
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Unemployed | 6 (8.8) | 8 (11.8) |
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Retired | 40 (58.8) | 42 (61.8) |
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Others | 13 (19.1) | 8 (11.8) |
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| Medical payment method, n (%) | 0.342 (3)a | — | — | .93 | ||||||||||
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Self-paid | 1 (1.5) | 2 (2.9) |
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Medical insurance | 61 (89.7) | 60 (88.2) |
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Commercial insurance | 5 (7.4) | 5 (7.4) |
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Others | 1 (1.5) | 1 (1.5) |
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| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 24.04 (3.475) | 24.08 (3.428) | — | –0.066 (134)c | — | .65 | ||||||||
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<18.5 | 4 (5.9) | 4 (5.9) |
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18.5-23.9 | 30 (44.1) | 27 (39.7) |
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24-27.9 | 27 (39.7) | 29 (42.6) |
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≥28 | 7 (10.3) | 8 (11.8) |
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| Smartphone usage, n (%) | 1.225 (1)a | — | — | .27 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 53 (77.9) | 58 (85.3) |
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No | 15 (22.1) | 10 (14.7) |
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| T2DM duration, mean (SD) | 14.76 (8.381) | 14.19 (7.658) | — | –0.063 (134)c | — | .55 | ||||||||
| Family history, n (%) | 0.353 (2)a | — | — | .84 | ||||||||||
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Yes | 23 (33.8) | 26 (38.2) |
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No | 28 (41.2) | 25 (36.8) |
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Do not know | 17 (25.0) | 17 (25.0) |
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| Family member has diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 6.543 (6)a | — | — | .37 | ||||||||||
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No | 26 (33.3) | 23 (29.5) |
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Father | 9 (11.5) | 17 (21.8) |
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Mother | 10 (12.8) | 10 (12.8) |
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Sibling | 11 (14.1) | 5 (6.4) |
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Grandparents | 2 (2.6) | 5 (6.4) |
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Do not know | 18 (23.1) | 17 (21.8) |
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Other relative | 2 (2.6) | 1 (1.3) |
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| Combination disease | ||||||||||||||
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Hypertension, n (%) | 0.034 (1)a | — | — | .85 | |||||||||
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No | 21 (30.9) | 22 (32.4) |
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Yes | 47 (69.1) | 46 (67.6) |
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Coronary heart disease, n (%) | 0.873 (1)a | — | — | .35 | |||||||||
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No | 50 (73.5) | 45 (66.2) |
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Yes | 18 (26.5) | 23 (33.8) |
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Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 0.831 (1)b | — | — | .36 | |||||||||
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No | 64 (94.1) | 67 (98.5) |
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Yes | 4 (5.0) | 1 (1.5) |
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Stroke, n (%) | 0.133 (1)b | — | — | .71 | |||||||||
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No | 63 (92.6) | 65 (95.6) |
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Yes | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.4) |
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Kidney disease, n (%) | 0.831 (1)b | — | — | .36 | |||||||||
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No | 64 (94.1) | 67 (98.5) |
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Yes | 4 (5.9) | 1 (1.5) |
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Other diseases, n (%) | 0.067 (1)a | — | — | .80 | |||||||||
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No | 60 (88.2) | 59 (86.8) |
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Yes | 8 (11.8) | 9 (13.2) |
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Type of medication, n (%) | 0.216 (2)a | — | — | .90 | |||||||||
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Oral | 37 (54.4) | 35 (53.3) |
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Insulin | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
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Both | 28 (41.2) | 29 (42.6) |
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Others | 3 (4.4) | 4 (5.9) |
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Kind of medication, median (IQR) | 3.0 (3-4.8) | 3.0 (2-5) | — | — | –0.401d | .69 | |||||||
| Adverse reactions | ||||||||||||||
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Hypoglycemia, n (%) | 0.324 (1)a | — | — | .57 | |||||||||
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No | 47 (69.1) | 50 (73.5) |
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Yes | 21 (30.9) | 16 (26.5) |
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Digestive system, n (%) | 0.471 (1)a | — | — | .49 | |||||||||
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No | 55 (80.9) | 58 (85.3) |
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Yes | 13 (10.1) | 10 (14.7) |
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Chronic heart failure, n (%) | 0.133 (1)b | — | — | .72 | |||||||||
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No | 63 (92.6) | 65 (95.6) |
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Yes | 5 (7.4) | 3 (4.4) |
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Allergic reaction, n (%) | 0.000 (1)b | — | — | >.99 | |||||||||
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No | 66 (97.1) | 65 (97.1) |
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Yes | 2 (2.9) | 2 (2.9) |
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Liver damage, n (%) | 1.681 (1)a | — | — | .20 | |||||||||
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No | 62 (83.8) | 69 (92.0) |
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Yes | 12 (16.2) | 6 (8.0) |
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Kidney damage, n (%) | 0.319 (1)a | — | — | .57 | |||||||||
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No | 60 (88.2) | 62 (91.2) |
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Yes | 8 (11.8) | 6 (8.8) |
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Others diseases, n (%) | 0.000 (1)b | — | — | >.99 | |||||||||
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No | 66 (97.1) | 65 (95.6) |
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Yes | 2 (2.9) | 3 (4.4) |
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aPearson chi-square.
bContinuity correction.
cIndependent sample t test.
dMann-Whitney U test.
eNot applicable.
f1 RMB ≈ RM 0.61 (November 08, 2024).
g1 RMB ≈ US $0.14 (January 07, 2026).