Table 3. Characteristics among participants diagnosed with hypertension on treatment (n=1130) disaggregated by BP control, with multivariate multinomial logistic regression for uncontrolled (n=297) and below-target (n=228) hypertension, with the controlled group (n=605) as the reference category.
| Characteristic | Controlled, n (%) 605 (53.5%) | Uncontrolled* | Below-target† | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) 297 (26.3%) | aRRR (95% CI) | N (%)228 (20.2%) | aRRR (95% CI) | ||
| Systolic BP (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 122 (117, 128) | 145 (137, 155) | – | 103 (97, 106) | – |
| Diastolic BP (mm Hg), median (IQR) | 80 (74, 84) | 92 (88, 98) | – | 71 (66, 76) | – |
| Sex | |||||
| Male | 113 (55.4%) | 52 (25.5%) | Reference | 39 (19.1%) | Reference |
| Female | 492 (53.1%) | 245 (26.5%) | 0.90 (0.59, 1.38) | 189 (20.4%) | 1.24 (0.79, 1.96) |
| Age (years) | |||||
| <65 | 303 (54.0%) | 135 (24.1%) | Reference | 123 (21.9%) | Reference |
| ≥65 | 302 (53.1%) | 162 (28.5%) | 1.22 (0.86, 1.71) | 105 (18.5%) | 0.78 (0.54, 1.13) |
| Education (n=1127) | |||||
| No schooling or primary school | 474 (53.1%) | 241 (27.0%) | Reference | 178 (19.9%) | Reference |
| Secondary or higher school | 131 (56.0%) | 54 (23.1%) | 0.79 (0.51, 1.20) | 49 (20.9%) | 1.05 (0.69, 1.61) |
| IWI‡ | |||||
| Q1 (poorest) | 108 (47.8%) | 72 (31.9%) | 1.33 (0.81, 2.18) | 46 (20.4%) | 1.07 (0.62, 1.83) |
| Q2 (poor) | 117 (51.8%) | 63 (27.9%) | 1.04 (0.64, 1.69) | 46 (20.4%) | 0.94 (0.56, 1.58) |
| Q3 (middle) | 124 (54.9%) | 56 (24.8%) | Reference | 46 (20.4%) | Reference |
| Q4 (rich) | 121 (53.5%) | 56 (24.8%) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.29) | 49 (21.7%) | 1.05 (0.63, 1.74) |
| Q5 (richest) | 135 (59.7%) | 50 (22.1%) | 0.78 (0.47, 1.29) | 41 (18.1%) | 0.88 (0.52, 1.50) |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) (n=1128) | |||||
| <25 | 213 (52.7%) | 101 (25.0%) | Reference | 90 (22.3%) | Reference |
| 25–29.9 | 185 (52.9%) | 86 (24.6%) | 1.17 (0.79, 1.75) | 79 (22.6%) | 1.05 (0.71, 1.57) |
| ≥30 | 206 (55.1%) | 109 (29.1%) | 1.44 (0.96, 2.16) | 59 (15.8%) | 0.68 (0.44, 1.05) |
| Smoking (n=1128) | |||||
| Non-smokers | 458 (54.9%) | 208 (24.9%) | Reference | 169 (20.2%) | Reference |
| Current smokers | 146 (49.8%) | 89 (30.4%) | 1.07 (0.74, 1.55) | 58 (19.8%) | 1.01 (0.68, 1.51) |
| Alcohol consumption (n=1125) | |||||
| Never or less than 1 day per week | 535 (54.6%) | 247 (25.2%) | Reference | 198 (20.2%) | Reference |
| 1–7 days per week | 66 (45.5%) | 49 (33.8%) | 1.40 (0.88, 2.24) | 30 (20.7%) | 1.41 (0.84, 2.35) |
| Physical activity (n=1121) | |||||
| Low physical activity | 115 (55.3%) | 53 (25.5%) | Reference | 40 (19.2%) | Reference |
| Moderate physical activity | 89 (52.7%) | 42 (24.9%) | 1.26 (0.72, 2.21) | 38 (22.5%) | 1.31 (0.74, 2.33) |
| High physical activity | 396 (53.2%) | 201 (27.0%) | 1.30 (0.85, 2.00) | 147 (19.8%) | 1.05 (0.66, 1.65) |
| Living with diabetes | |||||
| No | 509 (52.9%) | 254 (26.4%) | Reference | 199 (20.7%) | Reference |
| Yes | 96 (57.1%) | 43 (25.6%) | 0.97 (0.62, 1.53) | 29 (17.3%) | 0.75 (0.45, 1.26) |
| Living with HIV (n=1022) | |||||
| No | 471 (54.4%) | 217 (25.1%) | Reference | 178 (20.6%) | Reference |
| Yes | 79 (50.6%) | 45 (28.8%) | 1.55 (0.99, 2.41) | 32 (20.5%) | 0.91 (0.56, 1.47) |
| Previous stroke or myocardial infarction | |||||
| No | 574 (54.5%) | 272 (25.8%) | Reference | 207 (19.7%) | Reference |
| Yes | 31 (40.3%) | 25 (32.5%) | 1.26 (0.67, 2.39) | 21 (27.3%) | 1.93 (1.05, 3.55) |
| Antihypertensive medication | |||||
| Single | 314 (53.4%) | 134 (22.8%) | Reference | 140 (23.8%) | Reference |
| Dual | 218 (57.2%) | 98 (25.7%) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.55) | 65 (17.1%) | 0.66 (0.46, 0.96) |
| ≥ 3 drugs | 73 (45.3%) | 65 (40.4%) | 2.24 (1.45, 3.45) | 23 (14.3%) | 0.62 (0.35, 1.08) |
| Limited access to medications | |||||
| No | 464 (53.1%) | 225 (25.7%) | Reference | 185 (21.2%) | Reference |
| Yes | 141 (55.1%) | 72 (28.1%) | 1.03 (0.71, 1.49) | 43 (16.8%) | 0.74 (0.48, 1.12) |
| Antihypertensive medication adherence (n=1113) | |||||
| Adherent | 516 (55.8%) | 218 (23.6%) | Reference | 191 (20.6%) | Reference |
| Non-adherent | 82 (43.6%) | 71 (37.8%) | 2.13 (1.43, 3.17) | 35 (18.6%) | 1.26 (0.79, 2.00) |
Percentages were calculated by row. BP values were not included in the logistic regression analysis. A total of 994 participants with complete covariate data were included in the multivariate model. Variance Inflation Factor was calculated for each predictor, and none exceeded the value of 5.
Bold values indicate statistically significant results.
*
Uncontrolled hypertension defined as on-treatment BP ≥140/90 mm Hg.
†
Below-target hypertension defined as on-treatment systolic BP <110 mm Hg.
‡
IWI quintiles were adjusted for this specific population.
aRRR, adjusted relative risk ratio; BP, blood pressure; IWI, International Wealth Index.